Design and fabrication of alginate hydrogel nanohybrid as a promising cancer treatment.

Objectives: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer and the most frequently occurring form of all cancers, affecting sun-exposed areas like the face. Surgery is the main treatment, focusing on safe and minimally invasive methods for better outcomes. Technology has enabled the development of artificial skin substitutes for tissue repair.

Cobalt ferrite nanoparticle for the elimination of CD133+CD44 and CD44CD24, in breast and skin cancer stem cells, using non-ionizing treatments.

Background: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the most challenging issue in cancer treatment, because of their high resistance mechanisms, that can cause tumor recurrence after common cancer treatments such as drug and radiation based therapies, and the insufficient efficiency of common treatments in CSCs removal and the recurrence of tumors after these treatments, it is essential to consider other methods, including non-ionizing treatments likes light-based treatments and magnetic hyperthermia (MHT).

Method And Material: After synthesis, characterization and investigation, the toxicity of novel on A375 and MAD-MB-231 cell lines, magnetic hyperthermia and light-based treatments were applied. MTT assay and flow cytometry was employed to determine cell survival.

Effect of photothermal and photodynamic therapy with cobalt ferrite superparamagnetic nanoparticles loaded with ICG and PpIX on cancer stem cells in MDA-MB-231 and A375 cell lines.

Background: Cancer cells are resistant to treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy due to their characteristics such as self-renewal, high proliferation and other resistance mechanisms. To overcome this resistance, we combined a light-based treatment with nanoparticles to get advantage of both PDT and PTT in order to increase efficiency and beater outcome.

Methods And Material: After synthesis and characterization of CoFe2O4@citric@PEG@ICG@ PpIX NPs, their dark cytotoxicity concentration was determined with MTT assay.

Opto-microfluidic assisted synthesis of photo-protoporphyrin (pPP) conjugated to hollow gold-albumin hybrid nanoshells to enhance the efficiency of photodynamic therapy of triple negative breast cancer cells.

Introduction: Protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX), a photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy, has limitations due to its hydrophobicity, rapid photobleaching, and low absorption peak in the red region. These limitations make the use of PpIX less effective for photodynamic therapy treatments. In this study, we harnessed the power of microfluidic technology to manipulate the properties of PpIX and quickly synthesize albumin-based hybrid nanoshells with high reproducibility.

Optimization of cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticle as a theranostic agent: MRI and hyperthermia.

Objective: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are considered a theranostic agent in MR imaging, playing an effective role in inducing magnetic hyperthermia. Since, high-performance magnetic theranostic agents are characterized by superparamagnetic behavior and high anisotropy, in this study, cobalt ferrite MNPs were optimized and investigated as a theranostic agent.

Methods: CoFeO@Au@dextran particles were synthesized and characterized by DLS, HRTEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and VSM methods.

Evaluation of the parameters affecting the loading of anticancer drug Paclitaxel on coated gold nanoparticles for breast cancer treatment.

The purpose of this study is the design and synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) conjugated with paclitaxel and to investigate the parameters affecting the stability of synthesised nanoparticles with drug delivery capability. Here, synthesised GNPs were coated with polyethylene glycol. Then these particles were conjugated with paclitaxel under different conditions and the physical and structural characteristics, as well as the factors affecting the loading of paclitaxel on nanoparticles, were evaluated by ultraviolet spectrophotometer, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential apparatus.

The Synergistic Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma Mediated Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated with Indocyanine Green as An Innovative Approach to Cooperation with Radiotherapy.

Objective: The multimodality treatment of cancer provides a secure and effective approach to improve the outcome of treatments. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has got attention because of selectively target and kills cancer cells. Likewise, gold nanoparticles (GNP) have been introduced as a radiosensitizer and drug delivery with high efficacy and low toxicity in cancer treatment.

Surface modification of gold nanoparticles with 6-mercapto-1-hexanol to facilitate dual conjugation of protoporphyrin IX and folic acid for improving the targeted photochemical internalization.

Objectives: Photochemical internalization (PCI) is an important type of photodynamic therapy for delivering macromolecules into the cytosol by the endocytosis process. In this study, 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MH) was used to functionalize the gold nanostructure as a primer for surface modification to improve conjugation of multi-agents such as protoporphyrin IX (Pp-IX) and folic acid with gold nanoparticles (PpIX/FA-MH-AuNP) to facilitate the photochemical internalization.

Materials And Methods: After surface modification of AuNPs with MH, PpIX and FA are bonded to the surface of the MH-AuNPs through the coupling reaction to produce the desired conjugated AuNPs.

Sonodynamic Therapy Using Dacarbazine-Loaded AuSiO Nanoparticles for Melanoma Treatment: An In-Vitro Study on the B16F10 Murine Melanoma Cell Line.

The use of nanoparticles as a sonosensitizer in cancer sonodynamic therapy has been gaining attention because of their great advantages in drug delivery applications. By conjugating chemotherapy agents with nanoparticles, we can develop a drug delivery platform, control drug release and improve the outcome of treatments. The in-vitro study described here evaluates the combination of AuSiO nanoparticles and dacarbazine (DTIC@AuSiO) as a sonosensitizer for sonodynamic therapy of melanoma.

Study of the Parameters Affecting the Loading of Fluorescein on Coated Gold Nanoparticles: Promising Nanostructure for Cancer Diagnosis.

Background: Recent advances in nanotechnology have led to the use of nanomaterials in the diagnosis of cancer by imaging techniques.

Objective: This study aimed to synthesize fluorescein-conjugated gold nanoparticles and study the parameters affecting the loading of fluorescein on synthesized coated gold nanoparticles with the ability to be used in medical diagnostic methods.

Methods: The synthesized gold nanoparticles were functionalized with polyethylene glycol.

Superparamagnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles as contrast agent in MRI: in vitro study.

Superparamagnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFeO) possess favourite advantages for theranostic applications. Most of previous studies reported that CoFeO magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are suitable candidates for induction of hyperthermia and transfection agents for drug delivery. The present study synthesized and investigated the potential use of CoFeO as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by using a conventional MRI system.

Effect of targeted gold nanoparticles size on acoustic cavitation: An in vitro study on melanoma cells.

When a liquid is irradiated with high intensities of ultrasound irradiation, acoustic cavitation occurs. Since cavitation can be fatal to cells, it is utilized to destroy cancer tumors. Considering cavitation onset and bubbles collapse, the required ultrasonic intensity threshold can be significantly decreased in the presence of nanoparticles in a liquid.

Dual-energy CT imaging of nasopharyngeal cancer cells using multifunctional gold nanoparticles.

The purpose of this study is to measure the concentration of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) attached to folic acid through cysteamin as the linker (FA-Cys-AuNPs) and AuNPs in KB human nasopharyngeal cancer cells using dual-energy CT (DECT). In this study, nanoparticles with a size of ∼15nm were synthesized and characterised using UV-Vis, TEM, FTIR and ICP-OES analyses. The non-toxicity of nanoparticles was confirmed by MTT assay under various concentrations (40100µg/ml) and incubation times (6, 12 and 24h).

Targeted gold nanoparticles enable molecular CT imaging of head and neck cancer: An in vivo study.

The development of various cost-effective multifunctional contrast agent for specific targeting molecular imaging of tumors presents a great challenge. We report here the in vivo targeting imaging of folic acid (FA) gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through cysteamine (Cys) linking for targeted of human nasopharyngeal head and neck cancer by computed tomography (CT). The toxicity of nanoparticles in kidney, heart, spleen, brain and liver was evaluated by H&E (hematoxylin and eosin) assay.

Microtubule network as a potential candidate for targeting by gold nanoparticle-assisted photothermal therapy.

Photothermal therapy is achieving ever-increasing attention as a promising method for killing cancer cells. Although, gold nanoparticles are regarded as one of the most effective photothermal therapy agents, the mechanisms underlying their action have to be addressed. Moreover, studies have showed that gold nanoparticles induce apoptosis in treated cultures.

Folate-modified and curcumin-loaded dendritic magnetite nanocarriers for the targeted thermo-chemotherapy of cancer cells.

A novel multifunctional nanoplatform constructed from methoxy-PEGylated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) generation 3 dendrimers with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) entrapped in their core, containing curcumin as the payload drug and folic acid (folate) as the targeting ligand (abbreviated as FA-mPEG-PAMAM G3-CUR@SPIONs), is presented in this study. SPIONs entrapped in the core of the nanocomplex may act as a hyperthermia agent and generate localized heat upon excitation with an alternating magnetic field (AMF), thus enabling a thermo-chemotherapy strategy for cancer treatment. Accordingly, the cytotoxic effect and the mode of cell death triggered by the nanocomplex in combination with AMF were evaluated on two different cancer cell lines with various folate receptor (FR) expression levels, including KB nasopharyngeal cancer cells overexpressing FRs as the model and MCF-7 breast cancer cells with low level of FRs as the blank sample.

Folic acid-cysteamine modified gold nanoparticle as a nanoprobe for targeted computed tomography imaging of cancer cells.

Development of various cost-effective multifunctional nanoprobes for efficient targeted molecular imaging of tumors remains a great challenge in medicine. Herein, we report a simple method of forming folic acid-targeted multifunctional gold nanoparticles via cost-effective cysteamine as a template for tumor molecular computed tomography (CT) imaging technique. The formed multifunctional cysteamine-folic acid conjugated gold nanoparticles (FA-Cys-AuNPs) were characterized via different techniques.

Selective apoptosis induction in cancer cells using folate-conjugated gold nanoparticles and controlling the laser irradiation conditions.

In this study, we explained in detail a targeted nano-photo-thermal therapy (NPTT) method to induce selective apoptosis in cancer cells. Folate-conjugated gold nanoparticles (F-AuNPs) were synthesized by tailoring the surface of AuNPs with folic acid to enhance the specificity of NPTT. KB cancer cells, as a folate receptor over-expressing cell line, and L929 normal cells with low level of folate receptors were incubated with the synthesized F-AuNPs and then irradiated with various laser intensities and exposure durations.

Selective heat generation in cancer cells using a combination of 808 nm laser irradiation and the folate-conjugated FeO@Au nanocomplex.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a nanotechnology-assisted cancer hyperthermia approach in which the interaction between laser light and plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) generates localized heating. The exploitation of plasmonic NPs in association with active targeting moieties causes the preferential accumulation of NPs inside cancer cells, thereby providing targeted PTT. Herein, we evaluate the effect of folic acid (FA) as an active targeting agent in enhancing the photothermal efficiency of multifunctional Iron (III) Oxide (FeO)@Au core- shell NPs.

A Nanotechnology-based Strategy to Increase the Efficiency of Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy: Folate-conjugated Gold Nanoparticles.

Background: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), owing to their elegant physicochemical properties, have recently been introduced as promising theranostic nanoparticles. Folic acid is a necessary vitamin for cell proliferation. Accordingly, the surface functionalization of AuNP with folic acid may offer a great potential for the development of a strategy to increase the efficiency of cancer diagnosis and therapy based on the new nanotechnology.

Genetically modified luminescent bacteria , and wild type bacterium in biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles from gold chloride trihydrate.

The effect of different genetically engineered bacteria, , and and also a natural marine bacterial species, NRRL B-11177, is studied in producing gold nanoparticles. This is the first report about the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by natural and genetically engineered luminescent bacteria. These microorganisms reduced gold ions and produced fairly monodisperse nanoparticles.

Protoporphyrin IX-gold nanoparticle conjugates as an efficient photosensitizer in cervical cancer therapy.

Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) conjugated gold nanoparticle (GNP) was synthesized, characterized, and used for the delivery of a hydrophobic photosensitizer to a cervical cancer cell line. The GNP conjugates have an average diameter of 7nm. The conjugated GNPs were made by a single coupling reaction.

Therapeutic effects of acoustic cavitation in the presence of gold nanoparticles on a colon tumor model.

Objectives: Acoustic cavitation can be fatal to cells and is used to destroy cancerous tumors. The particles in a liquid decrease the ultrasonic intensity threshold needed for onset of cavitation. Bubble generation from intense pulsed light-irradiated gold nanoparticles was investigated as a means of providing nucleation sites for acoustic cavitation in cancer tissues.