Unlocking Immunity: Innovative prostate cancer vaccine strategies.

Objective: Prostate Cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men, especially in Western societies. The objective of this research is to address the unmet need for effective treatments in advanced or recurrent PCa, where current strategies fall short of offering a cure. The focus is on leveraging immunotherapy and cancer vaccines to target the tumor's unique immunological microenvironment.

Macrophage dynamics in prostate cancer: Molecular to therapeutic insights.

This review provides an in-depth examination of the role that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa), with a particular focus on the factors influencing the polarization of M1 and M2 macrophages and the implications of targeting these cells for cancer progression. The development and prognosis of PCa are significantly influenced by the behavior of macrophages within the tumor microenvironment. M1 macrophages typically exhibit anti-tumor properties by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), thereby enhancing the immune response.

Increased COVID-19 mortality among immigrants compared with US-born individuals: a cross-sectional analysis of 2020 mortality data.

Objective: Multiple studies have shown that racially minoritized groups had disproportionate COVID-19 mortality relative to non-Hispanic White individuals. However, there is little known regarding mortality by immigrant status nationally in the United States, despite being another vulnerable population.

Study Design: This was an observational cross-sectional study using mortality vital statistics system data to calculate proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) and mortality rates due to COVID-19 as the underlying cause.

Manganese transporters regulate the resumption of replication in hydrogen peroxide-stressed Escherichia coli.

Following hydrogen peroxide treatment, ferrous iron (Fe) is oxidized to its ferric form (Fe), stripping it from and inactivating iron-containing proteins. Many mononuclear iron enzymes can be remetallated by manganese to restore function, while other enzymes specifically utilize manganese as a cofactor, having redundant activities that compensate for iron-depleted counterparts. DNA replication relies on one or more iron-dependent protein(s) as synthesis abates in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and requires manganese in the medium to resume.

Proceedings from the 2021 SAEM Consensus Conference: Research Priorities for Interventions to Address Social Risks and Needs Identified in Emergency Department Patients.

Introduction: Emergency departments (ED) function as a health and social safety net, regularly taking care of patients with high social risk and need. Few studies have examined ED-based interventions for social risk and need.

Methods: Focusing on ED-based interventions, we identified initial research gaps and priorities in the ED using a literature review, topic expert feedback, and consensus-building.

Disparities in COVID-19 testing and outcomes among Asian American and Pacific Islanders: an observational study in a large health care system.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted racial and ethnic minorities in the United States, including Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (Asian Americans and NH/PIs). However, few studies have highlighted nor disaggregated these disparities by Asian Americans and NH/PIs ethnic subgroups.

Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional observational study aimed to assess variation of Asian Americans and NH/PIs COVID-19 testing and outcomes compared to non-Hispanic Whites (NHW).

Implementation of a pediatric in situ, train-the-trainer simulation program in general emergency departments.

Background: Most children receive emergency care in general emergency departments (EDs). Pediatric resuscitations require specific equipment and weight-based dosing that may be less familiar to general ED healthcare professionals. In situ simulation (ISS) improves teamwork and problem solving, and it may identify latent safety threats.

Characteristics of Pediatric Patient Transfers From General Emergency Departments in California From 2005 to 2018.

Objective: Each year, approximately 300,000 pediatric patients are transferred out of emergency departments (EDs). Emergency department transfers may not only provide a higher level of care but also incur increased resource use and cost. Our objective was to identify hospital characteristics and patient demographics and conditions associated with ED transfer as well as the trend of transfers over time.

Computed tomography rates in pediatric trauma patients among emergency medicine and pediatric emergency medicine physicians.

Background: Pediatric trauma patients undergo fewer computed tomography (CT) scans when evaluated at pediatric trauma centers (PTC) versus adult trauma centers (ATC) with no change in clinical outcome. Factors contributing to this difference are unclear. We sought to identify whether the training background of physicians, specifically emergency medicine (EM) versus pediatric emergency medicine (PEM), affected the CT rate of pediatric trauma patients within one institution.

A lasting impact? Exploring the immediate and longitudinal impact of an emergency department service learning help desk program.

Background: The emergency department (ED) help desk is an undergraduate-run service learning program that screens ED patients for social needs, connects them to community resources, and follows-up to promote connections with resources. Students accepted to the program participate in a didactic course on the fundamentals of social emergency medicine as well as available community resources. Students also receive training around interviewing patients and use of screening software.

Clinicians' perceptions of the health status of formerly detained immigrants.

Background: In the past decade, the U.S. immigration detention system regularly detained more than 30,000 people per day; in 2019 prior to the pandemic, the daily detention population exceeded 52,000 people.

California Children Presenting to an Emergency Department for Mental Health Emergencies: Trajectories of Care.

Objectives: Pediatric emergency department (ED) mental health visits are increasing in the United States. At the same time, child/adolescent psychiatric services are limited. This study examines the trajectory of pediatric patients presenting with mental health emergencies to better understand availability of specialty care resources in regional networks.

Pain Assessment and Management in Pediatric Intensive Care Units Around the World, an International, Multicenter Study.

The adequate assessment and management of pain remains a challenging task in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Our goal is to describe how pain is assessed and managed in PICUs around the world and to examine how human and material resources impact achievement of this goal. An international multicenter cross-sectional observational study was designed with the participation of 34 PICUs located in urban, suburban, and rural areas of 18 countries.

"Could we have predicted this?" The association of a future mental health need in young people with a non-specific complaint and frequent emergency department visits.

Objective: Mental health emergencies among young people are increasing. There is growing pressure for emergency departments to screen patients for mental health needs even when it is not their chief complaint. We hypothesized that young people with an initial non-specific condition and emergency department (ED) revisits have increased mental health needs.

Emergency Department Access During COVID-19: Disparities in Utilization by Race/Ethnicity, Insurance, and Income.

Introduction: In March 2020, shelter-in-place orders were enacted to attenuate the spread of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Emergency departments (EDs) experienced unexpected and dramatic decreases in patient volume, raising concerns about exacerbating health disparities.

Methods: We queried our electronic health record to describe the overall change in visits to a two-ED healthcare system in Northern California from March-June 2020 compared to 2019.

A retrospective observational cohort study: Epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric unintentional falls in US emergency departments.

Introduction: The objective is to determine how outcomes from unintentional falls differ for children with and without developmental disabilities, with a sensitivity analysis specifically examining those with ADHD.

Materials And Methods: This is a retrospective observational cohort study of 2010-2015 data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS). The NEDS is a sampling of ED visits across 953 hospitals in 36 states.

Patient Age, Race and Emergency Department Treatment Area Associated with "Topbox" Press Ganey Scores.

Introduction: Hospitals commonly use Press Ganey (PG) patient satisfaction surveys for benchmarking physician performance. PG scores range from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest, which is known as the "topbox" score. Our objective was to identify patient and physician factors associated with topbox PG scores in the emergency department (ED).

Using In Situ Simulations to Improve Pediatric Patient Safety in Emergency Departments.

Problem: Given the complex interaction among patients, individual providers, health care teams, and the clinical environment, patient safety events with serious consequences are most likely to occur in intensive care units, operating rooms, and emergency departments (EDs). With low-frequency, high-risk events such as pediatric resuscitations, health care teams working in EDs may not have the clinical opportunity to identify deficiencies, review and reinforce knowledge and skills, and problem solve in authentic clinical conditions. Without creating opportunities to safely practice, hospitals run the risk of having health care teams and environments that are not prepared to provide optimal patient care.

Correction to: Epidemiology of patients presenting to a pediatric emergency department in Karachi, Pakistan.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Opportunities for Supporting Latino Immigrants in Emergency and Ambulatory Care Settings.

Toughened immigration policies exacerbate barriers to public benefits and health care for immigrants. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of the immigration climate on the utilization of pediatric emergency and ambulatory care services and elucidate ways to best support Latino immigrant families. This is a cross-sectional study involving surveys and interviews with Latino parents (≥ 18 years) in the pediatric emergency department.

Undergraduate Premedical Student Perceptions of an Emergency Department-Based Social Needs Screening Program.

Background: Medical school admission requirements increasingly encompass competencies beyond the traditional premedical curriculum, such as service orientation and knowledge of "social determinants of health."

Activity: The Stanford Help Desk is an undergraduate service-learning program that provides didactic and experiential exposure to the social determinants of health through screening for social and legal needs of emergency department (ED) patients. We assessed student perceptions of program impact through student applications, course evaluations, and an online program survey.

Regionalization Patterns for Children with Serious Trauma in California (2005-2015): A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Trauma centers provide coordinated specialty care and have been demonstrated to save lives. Many states do not have a comprehensive statewide trauma system. Variable geography, resources, and population distributions present significant challenges to establishing an effective uniform system for pediatric trauma care.