Addressing social determinants of health by integrating assessment of caregiver-child attachment into community based primary health care in urban Kenya.

A principle strategic insight of the Final Report for WHO's Commission on Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) is that the nurturant qualities of the environments where children grow up, live, and learn matter the most for their development. A key determinant of early childhood development is the establishment of a secure attachment between a caregiver and child. We report initial field-tests of the integration of caregiver-child attachment assessment by community health workers (CHWs) as a routine component of Primary Health Care (PHC), focusing on households with children under 5 years of age in three slum communities near Nairobi, Kenya.

Pregnancy rates among female participants in phase I and phase IIA AIDS vaccine clinical trials in Kenya.

Background: Female participants in AIDS candidate vaccine clinical trials must agree to use effective contraception to be enrolled into the studies, and for a specified period after vaccination, since the candidate vaccines' effects on the embryo or foetus are unknown.

Objectives: To review data on female participants' pregnancy rates from phase I and IIA AIDS vaccine clinical trials conducted at the Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative (KAVI) and to discuss the challenges of contraception among female participants.

Design: Descriptive observational retrospective study.