Assessment of the Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid Solution 5% in the Treatment of Melasma in Patients of South Asian Descent.

Melasma is a common dermatologic condition affecting all skin types. Increasing rates of melasma warrant identification of a reliable topical treatment. In recent years, off-label tranexamic acid (TA) has emerged as a potential treatment of melasma.

Neuroligin-1-dependent competition regulates cortical synaptogenesis and synapse number.

Members of the neuroligin family of cell-adhesion proteins are found at excitatory and inhibitory synapses and are mutated in some familial forms of autism spectrum disorders. Although they display synaptogenic properties in heterologous systems, the function of neuroligins in vivo in the regulation of synapse formation and synapse number has been difficult to establish. We found that neuroligin-1 (NL1), which is located at excitatory postsynaptic densities, regulates activity-dependent synaptogenesis and mature synapse number on cortical layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in vivo.

Anterograde or retrograde transsynaptic labeling of CNS neurons with vesicular stomatitis virus vectors.

To understand how the nervous system processes information, a map of the connections among neurons would be of great benefit. Here we describe the use of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) for tracing neuronal connections in vivo. We made VSV vectors that used glycoprotein (G) genes from several other viruses.