The effects of music, white noise, and ambient noise on sedation and anxiety in patients under spinal anesthesia during surgery.

Purpose: To compare effects of music, white noise, and ambient (background) noise on patient anxiety and sedation.

Design: Open, parallel, and randomized controlled trial.

Methods: Seventy-five patients aged 18 to 60 years who were scheduled for surgical procedures under spinal anesthesia were randomly assigned to ambient noise (Group O), white noise (Group B), or music groups (Group M).