Preferential Loss of Contrast Decrement Responses in Human Glaucoma.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether glaucoma in human patients produces preferential damage to OFF visual pathways, as suggested by animal experimental models, patient electroretinogram (ERG), and retinal imaging data.

Methods: Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) were recorded monocularly from 50 patients with glaucoma and 28 age-similar controls in response to equal Weber contrast increments and decrements presented using 2.73 hertz (Hz) sawtooth temporal waveforms.

A simple saccadic reading test to assess ocular motor function in cerebellar ataxia.

Cerebellar ataxia is a neurological disorder due to dysfunction of the cerebellum that affects coordination of fine movement, gait, and balance. Although ataxic patients commonly exhibit abnormal eye movement and have difficulties with saccadic reading, quantification of ocular motor abilities during reading in the clinical setting is rarely done. In this study, we assess visual performance with simple reading tests that can be used in the clinical setting and performed video infrared oculography in 11 patients with hereditary or acquired cerebellar ataxia and 11 age-matched controls.

Slower saccadic reading in Parkinson's disease.

Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic and other neurons, leading to motor and non-motor deficits. Abnormal eye movements in PD, including fixations, saccades, and convergence, are well described. However, saccadic reading, which requires serial and alternating saccades and fixations, is not well studied, despite its obvious impact on the quality of life.

Corneal Refractive Procedures for the Treatment of Presbyopia.

Purpose: Refractive surgery has been in use for a long time and is evolving at a fast pace with several new corneal procedures being used for the correction of presbyopia. The purpose of this article is to give a comprehensive review of the literature to evaluate the outcome and success of different corneal refractive surgical procedures in presbyopic patients.

Methods: We performed a comprehensive search on PubMed to identify published reports of the various procedures utilized in the past and present to correct presbyopia.

LASIK Enhancement: Clinical and Surgical Management.

Purpose: To review refractive regression and current therapeutic options for patients who have residual refractive error after LASIK.

Methods: An extensive literature search using PubMed was performed for terms such as "LASIK," "PRK," "enhancement," "overcorrection," "undercorrection," "re-lift," "mini-flap," and related terms.

Results: The presence of residual refractive error following LASIK is a challenging situation.

Comprehensive Review of the Literature on Existing Punctal Plugs for the Management of Dry Eye Disease.

Numerous designs of punctal and canalicular plugs are available on the market. This variety presents challenges to ophthalmologists when choosing punctal plugs for the management of various ocular conditions. The aim of this literature review is to provide a classification system for lacrimal occlusive devices based on their location and duration of action as well as to identify different characteristics of each one of them.

Ocular dominance, coexistent retinal disease, and refractive errors in patients with cataract surgery.

Purpose Of Review: The purpose of this article is to highlight some common issues when planning cataract surgery in patients with preexisting ocular pathologies and to assess the role of ocular dominance in cataract surgery.

Recent Findings: In addition to routine ocular examination, determination of ocular dominance and orthoptic evaluation for tropias, phorias, amblyopia, and diplopia can be helpful in planning for cataract surgery as these factors can affect postoperative outcomes. Although once controversial, cataract surgery by phacoemulsification is often a well tolerated and effective option for patients with coexistent retinal conditions including epiretinal membrane, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and macular holes.