Overexpression of COX2 indicates poor survival in urothelial bladder cancer.

Background: COX2 is a cyclo-oxygenase enzyme expressed in the tumor cells, inflammatory cells, stromal and non-epithelial cells. The study was conducted to evaluate the expression of COX2 in Urothelial carcinoma and find the association with progression and recurrence.

Methods: The expression of COX2 was evaluated by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry.

Predictive role of serum and urinary cytokines in invasion and recurrence of bladder cancer.

Urothelial cancer patients are prone to recurrence, and there is no marker to predict which cases become refractory to the immunotherapy given to these patients. Tumour behaviour is decided by the dynamics between the pro- and anti-tumorigenic cytokines. In this study, 27 cytokines were estimated in serum and urine of 72 urothelial cancer patients and 42 healthy volunteer controls.

Immune signature of urothelial cancer associated with grade, recurrence, and invasion.

Background: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is one of most common genitourinary malignancy and the spectrum of disease ranges from in situ lesions to muscle-invasive cancers. The non-muscle-invasive lesions have tendency to recur or progress to muscle-invasive disease. The study of the immune profile may identify immune determinants associated with high-grade, recurrence, and invasion in patients with UC.

A prospective randomized comparison between shockwave lithotripsy and semirigid ureteroscopy for upper ureteral stones <2 cm: a single center experience.

Background And Purpose: The best management of upper ureteral calculi is undefined. We performed a prospective randomized comparison between semirigid ureteroscopy (URS) and shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) for upper ureteral stones <2 cm to evaluate safety and efficacy of both procedures.

Patients And Methods: Patients with a single radiopaque upper ureteral stone <2 cm undergoing treatment between January 2010 and May 2011 in our department were included.

Photoselective vaporization of prostate vs. transurethral resection of prostate: A prospective, randomized study with one year follow-up.

Objectives: To evaluate in a prospective, randomized study, the efficacy and safety profile of photoselective vaporization of prostate (PVP) using a 80W potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser when compared to standard transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic enlargement (BPE).

Materials And Methods: Between February 2009 and August 2009, 117 patients satisfying the eligibility criteria underwent surgery [60 PVP{Group A}; 57 TURP{Group B}]. The groups were compared for functional outcome (both subjective and objective parameters), perioperative parameters and complications, with a follow up of one year.

Altered expression of succinic dehydrogenase in asthenozoospermia infertile male.

Problem: There is a possibility that mitochondrial respiration defects may contribute to asthenozoospermia.

Method Of Study: Immunocytochemical detection was used to localize succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) in the head and mid-piece of spermatozoa by fluorescent microscope.

Results: The study revealed dispersed SDH activity in the semen of asthenozoospermic subjects in comparison with control semen samples.

Evaluation of the Effect of Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate on Sexual Function in a Prospective Study: A Single Center Experience of 150 Patients.

Abstract Background and Purpose: Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate for treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Very few prospective studies have addressed the effect of PVP on sexual function. We performed this prospective study to assess the short-term effect of PVP on erectile function in patients who present with LUTS secondary to BPH.

Association of androgen receptor, prostate-specific antigen, and CYP19 gene polymorphisms with prostate carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia in a north Indian population.

The genes involved in androgen pathway and metabolism have been reported to contribute considerably to prostate carcinoma (CaP) risk. The present study investigated the association of androgen receptor (AR), prostate-specific antigen (PSA or KLK3), and cytochrome P450 (CYP19) gene polymorphisms in CaP (n=105) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (n=120) in comparison to normal healthy controls (n=106) in an Indian population. We also evaluated the functional consequences of these gene variants on AR and PSA mRNA expression.

A prospective randomized comparison between early (<48 hours of onset of colicky pain) versus delayed shockwave lithotripsy for symptomatic upper ureteral calculi: a single center experience.

Background And Purpose: The role of early/emergency shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) in symptomatic upper ureteral calculi has still not been established. We have performed a randomized comparison between early (<48 hours) vs delayed (>48 hours) SWL for symptomatic upper ureteral stones less than 1 cm to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of early SWL in these patients.

Patients And Methods: One hundred and sixty consecutive patients with a single radiopaque upper ureteral stone <1 cm, who presented with an episode of colicky pain and who were undergoing treatment between July 2008 and June 2009 in our department were included.

Role of tumor suppressor and angiogenesis markers in prediction of recurrence of non muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Non muscle invasive bladder cancers recur frequently and identification of biomarkers for predicting recurrence are necessary. The present study evaluated the individual and synergistic effects of tumor suppressor (p53/p21waf1) and angiogenesis [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/endoglin (CD105)] markers. The study included 90 cases of non muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Serum Th1 and Th2 cytokine balance in patients of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of bladder pre- and post-intravesical combination immunotherapy.

Combination therapy with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) plus interferon-alpha2b (IFN-alpha2b) for superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) seems to be immune-dependent and activation of Th1 immune response is required for clinical efficacy. The present study evaluates circulating serum cytokine profiles (Th1/Th2 cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-2 TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) in 41 bladder cancer patients prior to transurethral resection of tumor (TURBT) (pre-therapy), and following intravesical combination immunotherapy (post-therapy) and their association with recurrence. Mean levels of IL-2 and TNF-alpha were significantly reduced while IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly enhanced in pre-therapy samples as compared to controls.

Intravesicle gemcitabine in management of BCG refractory superficial TCC of urinary bladder-our experience.

Introduction: The incidence of bladder malignancy is increasing worldwide and the projected rise is 28% by 2010 for both sexes (according to the WHO). Though intravesical adjuvant therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is superior to any other immunotherapeutic/chemotherapeutic agent in reducing tumor recurrences and disease progression, its real efficacy remains controversial as one-third of the patients will soon develop BCG failure. Hence, there is a need for an alternative intravesical agent for treatment of BCG failure.

Urodynamic evaluation in primary enuresis: an investigative and treatment outcome correlation.

A prospective study was done in pediatric out-patient department of a tertiary care hospital to evaluate the role of urodynamics in the management of primary enuresis in the 5-14-year-old children and to compare the effectiveness of multidimensional behavioral therapy with pharmacological therapy. Hundred and nineteen children between 5-14 years with primary enuresis were evaluated clinically and investigated. Three patients with obvious organic causes were then excluded.

Adjuvant intravesical therapy based on an in vitro cytotoxicity assay in the management of superficial transitional cell cancer of the urinary bladder.

Objective: To investigate the utility of an individualized chemo/immunotherapy regimen of intravesical therapy based on the results of an assessment of in vitro cytotoxicity.

Patients And Methods: Intravesical adjuvant chemo/immunotherapy was given to 47 patients based on the results of in vitro cytotoxicity assay of the responses of cultured autologous tumour cells to various cytotoxic drugs (mitomycin-C, doxorubicin and cisplatin) and immunomodulating agents (bacillus Calmette-Guérin, BCG and interferon-alpha2b). Intravesical therapy was given as single- or double-drug regimens according to the assay results: 16 (34%) patients showed cytotoxicity to a single drug and 31 (66%) showed maximum cytotoxicity to a combination of immunomodulators and cytotoxic agents.

DNA test--a forensic boon.

DNA fingerprinting (DNAFP) profiles can be applied to identify an individual in criminal as well as in civil cases. The main advantage of the technique is its ability to analyse small and environmentally challenged samples and to accurately establish their origins with a high degree of certainty: DNAFP can identify an individual in criminal and civil cases eg, rape, kidnapping, assassination and so on. The forensic DNA analysis can be stored in a data bank.

Lycopene as a chemopreventive agent in the treatment of high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia.

Objective: Because of its long latency, slow growing nature, and high prevalence, prostate cancer is the best model for chemoprevention. High-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is a precursor of prostate cancer. Chemoprevention with lycopene has shown definite results in prostate cancer.

Rape-law and woman's right--critical analysis vis-a-vis role of attending doctor.

According to Supreme Court rape is not only a crime against entire society, it destroyes the entire psychology of woman and pushes her into deep emotional crisis. The need at present is to mould and evolve the rape-law so as to make it more sensitive and responsive to the demands of the time in order to resolve the basic problem. The rape-laws have some lacunae which need a fresh look for necessary changes.