Dendrobine: A neuroprotective Sesquiterpenic Alkaloid for the Prevention and Treatment of Diseases: A Review.

A sesquiterpenic alkaloid dendrobine is the major bioactive compound extracted from Lindl. This compound was structurally very similar to picrotoxinin (neurotoxin) containing bicyclic or tricyclic ring while dendrobine containing tetracyclic rings with up to 7 stereogenic centers showing numerous neuroprotective effects. Several sesquiterpenic alkaloids such as (+)-(1R,5R,6S,8R,9R)- 8,12-dihydroxy-copacamphan-3-en-2-one, dendrobine, denrine B, (+)- (1R,2S,3R,4S,5R,6S,9R)-3,11,12-trihydroxypicrotoxane-2(15)-lactone, dendroxine B, nobilonine, 13-Hydroxy-14-oxodendrobine, 6-Hydroxy-nobilonine and (-)-(1S,2R,3S,4R,5S,6R,9S,12R)- 3,11,13-trihydroxypicrotoxane-2(15)-lactone were isolated from This comprehensive review summarizes the necessary information on the morphology, biochemistry and pharmacology of dendrobine.

Health and Environmental Hazards of the Toxic (L.) Kuhn (Bracken Fern).

Bracken fern ( (L.) Kuhn) is ubiquitous and acts as a cosmopolitan weed in pastures and similar environments. Despite its historical uses, it presents risks due to toxicity.

Pattern Completion and Rate Remapping in Retrosplenial Cortex.

Principles governing the encoding, storage, and updating of memories in cortical networks are poorly understood. In retrosplenial cortex (RSC), cells respond to the animal's position as it navigates a real or virtual (VR) linear track. Position correlated cells (PCCs) in RSC require an intact hippocampus to form.

The expression of selected fibrotic factors in COPD and asthma.

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma are associated with chronic inflammation leading to airway obstruction and remodelling. There is little information on possible differences in the TGFB signalling pathway in the pathologies compared to less severe chronic bronchitis without airway obstruction.

Aim: To assess the expression of the selected TGFB signalling pathway-associated genes in the pathologies.

The Effect of Tobacco Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Urinal miRNAs in a Pilot Study.

The diseases associated with tobacco smoking affect miRNAs and small single-stranded non-coding RNAs. However, there are no data on urinal miRNAs in healthy smokers. We searched for the possible effect of smoking and smoking cessation on miRNA urine expression.

Comparison of lymphocyte immune phenotypes in bronchoalveolar lavage of non-smoking patients with sarcoidosis and other interstitial lung diseases.

Background: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as complementary method is still used as ancillary tool in diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases. Tobacco smoking has been described to affect the BAL lavage cellular profile. To our knowledge, only few reports have so far investigated CD3CD4 and CD3CD8 lymphocyte subsets in non-smoking sarcoidosis patients additionally stratified according to CXR stage, and compared them to other non-smoking patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILDs).

TP53 rs1042522 and rs8064946 variants in myocardial infarction.

Objective: This study investigated the hypothesis that the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TP53 gene are related to a risk of myocardial infarction.

Methods: The coding SNP at codon 72 (rs1042522) and non-coding rs8064946 SNP were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers in 205 Czech patients with myocardial infarction and 148 Czech control subjects.

Results: The distribution of both SNPs was in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and was similar to other European populations.

Expression analysis of extracellular microRNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Background And Objective: MicroRNA (miRNA) are transcriptional regulators implicated in pulmonary sarcoidosis and packaged in extracellular vesicles (EV) during cellular communication. We characterized EV and investigated miRNA expression in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from sarcoidosis patients.

Methods: EV were characterized for size(s) using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and protein markers by immunoblotting.

miR-29a-3p/T-bet Regulatory Circuit Is Altered in T Cells of Patients With Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.

Objective: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune thyroid disorder that frequently evolves from asymptomatic, T-cell mediated chronic inflammation toward overt hypothyroidism. Previously, we have demonstrated a role for T-bet, a T helper 1/CD8 T cell transcription factor (TF), and FoxP3, a regulatory T cell TF, in disease progression and severity, but the basis behind their altered mRNA expression remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to leverage the role for microRNAs, representing negative transcriptional regulators, across the spectrum of HT clinical presentations using the same, well-characterized RNA sample cohort.

Involvement of fast-spiking cells in ictal sequences during spontaneous seizures in rats with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy.

See Lenck-Santini (doi:10.1093/awx205) for a scientific commentary on this article. Epileptic seizures represent altered neuronal network dynamics, but the temporal evolution and cellular substrates of the neuronal activity patterns associated with spontaneous seizures are not fully understood.

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME AND MONOCYTES: NEW ASPECTS.

After discovery of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) our understanding of molecular mechanisms of living matter has become more sophisticated and on this way monocytes has become crucial player, particularly in pathogenesis of APS. Thrombotic and non-thrombotic complications of APS could be explained by monocytes' activation too. But mechanisms underlying their activation are poorly investigated.

The Serum Expression of Selected miRNAs in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis with/without Löfgren's Syndrome.

. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is associated with dysregulated expression of intracellular miRNAs. There is however only little information on extracellular miRNAs and their association with the disease course in sarcoidosis.

Reactivation of Rate Remapping in CA3.

Unlabelled: The hippocampus is thought to contribute to episodic memory by creating, storing, and reactivating patterns that are unique to each experience, including different experiences that happen at the same location. Hippocampus can combine spatial and contextual/episodic information using a dual coding scheme known as "global" and "rate" remapping. Global remapping selects which set of neurons can activate at a given location.

Expression Profile of Six RNA-Binding Proteins in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis.

Background: Sarcoidosis is characterised by up-regulation of cytokines and chemokine ligands/receptors and proteolytic enzymes. This pro-inflammatory profile is regulated post-transcriptionally by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). We investigated in vivo expression of six RBPs (AUF1, HuR, NCL, TIA, TIAR, PCBP2) and two inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes (RECK, PTEN) in pulmonary sarcoidosis and compared it to the expression in four control groups of healthy individuals and patients with other respiratory diseases: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs).

The Expression of T Cell FOXP3 and T-Bet Is Upregulated in Severe but Not Euthyroid Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder characterized by progressive thyroid failure. Th1 and Treg subset of CD4(+) cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis; however, less is known about their respective roles across the spectrum of HT clinical presentations. To shed more light on CD4(+) subsets role in HT, we investigated the mRNA expression levels of several Th1/Treg-associated transcription factors (T-bet/ETS1, HIF1α/BLIMP1/FOXP3) in peripheral blood T cells of 10 hypothyroid, untreated HT patients, 10 hypothyroid patients undergoing hormone replacement therapy, 12 euthyroid HT subjects, and 11 healthy controls by the qRT-PCR.

A Multichannel Recording System with Optical Stimulation for Closed-Loop Optogenetic Experiments.

Selective perturbation of the activity of specific cell types in the brain tissue is essential in understanding the function of neuronal circuits involved in cognition and behavior and might also provide therapeutic neuromodulation strategies. Such selective neuronal addressing can be achieved through the optical activation of light-sensitive proteins called opsins that are expressed in specific cell populations through genetic methods-hence the name "optogenetics." In optogenetic experiments, the electrical activity of the targeted cell populations is optically triggered and monitored using arrays of microelectrodes.

Grids from bands, or bands from grids? An examination of the effects of single unit contamination on grid cell firing fields.

Neural recording technology is improving rapidly, allowing for the detection of spikes from hundreds of cells simultaneously. The limiting step in multielectrode electrophysiology continues to be single cell isolation. However, this step is crucial to the interpretation of data from putative single neurons.

High-Density Genetic Mapping Identifies New Susceptibility Variants in Sarcoidosis Phenotypes and Shows Genomic-driven Phenotypic Differences.

Rationale: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown cause. Löfgren's syndrome (LS) is a characteristic subgroup of sarcoidosis that is associated with a good prognosis in sarcoidosis. However, little is known about its genetic architecture or its broader phenotype, non-LS sarcoidosis.

Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by irreversible airflow limitation associated with chronic inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that contribute to the inflammatory response in COPD and degrade extracellular matrix components. Their enzymatic activity is inhibited by a four-member family of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).

Light distribution and thermal effects in the rat brain under optogenetic stimulation.

Optical brain stimulation gained a lot of attention in neuroscience due to its superior cell-type specificity. In the design of illumination strategies, predicting the light propagation in a specific tissue is essential and requires knowledge of the optical properties of that tissue. We present the estimated absorption and reduced scattering in rodent brain tissue using non-destructive contact spatially resolved spectroscopy (cSRS).

No association between gingival labial recession and facial type.

Objective: To evaluate if facial type is a predictor of the development of gingival recession.

Methods: A cohort of 179 orthodontic patients (76 males, 101 females; age before treatment T S = 12.4 years, SD = 0.

Transcriptional activity of neutrophils exposed to high doses of colchicine: short communication.

Colchicine is an antimitotic drug which binds to tubulin and at high doses results in cytoskeleton disruption. Colchicine is believed to be an anti-inflammatory agent, though its modulatory effects on the level and transcriptional activity of genes is still a matter of debate. There is growing evidence that alterations in the cytoskeleton exert specific effects on the expression of various genes.

Differential regulation of proinflammatory mediators following LPS- and ATP-induced activation of monocytes from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity in association with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Growing evidence supports the involvement of monocytes in APS pathogenesis. Inflammatory activation of monocytes promotes thrombus formation and other APS complications.

CA2: it's about time-and episodes.

In this issue of Neuron, Mankin et al. (2015) show that CA2, an oft-neglected hippocampal subregion, has place representations that change from one episode to the next, even as the spatial environment does not. This finding may help explain how time is encoded in episodic memories.

Gingival labial recessions and the post-treatment proclination of mandibular incisors.

Introduction: A prerequisite for development of gingival recession is the presence of alveolar bone dehiscence. Proclination of mandibular incisors can result in thinning of the alveolus and dehiscence formation.

Objective: To assess an association between proclination of mandibular incisor and development of gingival recession.