EV and PV penetration impact on grid with conservative voltage regulation and reactive voltage compensation.

As global interest grows in renewable energy sources, the impact of combined Electric Vehicle (EV) and PhotoVoltaic (PV) penetration on the power grid stability requires renewed attention, to incorporate new technologies to maintain the power quality under operational constraints. Energy-saving techniques such as Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) allow the power utilities to transmit voltage at a lower operation limit, increasing the generation margin to absorb the peak load demands. Increased reverse PV penetration results in grid overvoltage while EV charging absorbs the reactive power causing grid instability.

Optimization of substation grounding grid design for horizontal and vertical multilayer and uniform soil condition using Simulated Annealing method.

Grounding systems are critical in safeguarding people and equipment from power system failures. A grounding system's principal goal is to offer the lowest impedance path for undesired fault current. Optimization of the grounding grid designs is important in satisfying the minimum cost of the grounding system and safeguarding those people who work in the surrounding area of the grounded installations.