Osteoblastic cytokine response to gray and white mineral trioxide aggregate.

Introduction: The materials used for root-end filling and perforation repair are in direct contact with live tissues e.g. bone and connective tissue; their effects however, are uncertain.

Endodontic treatment with MTA apical plugs: a case report.

Apexification with calcium hydroxide is associated with certain difficulties, such as the very long treatment time required, the possibility of tooth fracture, and incomplete calcification of the bridge. Use of an apical plug is an alternative treatment for open apices, and this has gained popularity in recent years, employing mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) for optimal results. Here we report the successful treatment of two maxillary central incisors that had open apices and periapical lesions using MTA apical plugs after the root canals had been debrided and rinsed with 2.