"Varus knee dysfunction contributing to early medial knee arthritis: Novel pathomechanics, diagnosis and multi-modal conservative interventions".

Objective: Evaluate whether the three-planar spring test and pathomechanics-based interventions (manual therapy, strengthening, orthosis) increase the range of motion and explore potential changes in joint space of varus knee dysfunction, further investigating their potential association with the early development of medial knee arthritis (MKA).

Methods: Single group, pre-and post-test design. Adults (n = 54) exhibiting a positive spring test for varus knee dysfunction, characterised by extension lag with proximal tibia externally rotated and subluxed laterally, completed the study.