Characterization and plant-based control of hindgut bacteria isolated from Rambur (Termitidae) and Wasmann (Rhinotermitidae).

Termites cause a serious menace to wooden structures all over the world. They rely mostly on entozoic fauna residing in their hindgut for the digestion of cellulosic and hemicellulosic materials. One of the ways to control termites is through their gut symbionts.

In-vivo anticoccidial efficacy of green synthesized iron-oxide nanoparticles using Ficus racemosa Linn leaf extract. (Moraceae) against Emeria tenella infection in broiler chicks.

Coccidiosis is an acute gastrointestinal parasitic disease and causes approximately $2.80 to $3.27 per m loss in a broiler farm of a 33-day-old flock.

Larvicidal activity of green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles using Grevillea robusta Cunn. leaf extract against vector mosquitoes and their characterization.

Extensive fumigation of synthetic pesticides to control the mosquito vector during each post-monsoon season in Pakistan significantly enhanced the environmental contamination and extinction of beneficial insects from the urban ecosystems. In this context, the present study examined the larvicidal efficacy of green synthesized iron nanoparticles (IONPs), using an aqueous leaf extract of Grevillea robusta against the early 2nd and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi in Pakistan. The prepared IONPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrum, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive diffraction.

Characterization and bioactivities of : In-silico modeling of as a potential drug source.

In current study the pharmaceutically active herbs was used against coccidiosis, caused by a protozoan: , lead to $ 3 billion loss annually. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of whole plants were applied to assess sporulation inhibition (spi) assay and calculated the inhibitory concentration (IC). For study 9 groups of 14 day old broiler chicks were infected with and three groups were treated different concentrations of methanolic extracts of and post infection.

Biocidal action, characterization, and molecular docking of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) leaves extract against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae.

Mosquitoes are found in tropical and subtropical areas and are the carriers of a variety of diseases that are harmful to people's health. e.g.

Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of cutaneous leishmaniasis from North Eastern Pakistan.

The genetic diversity of Leishmania spp. in North Eastern Pakistan remains undetermined despite increased cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This study was designed to decipher the molecular characterization and genetic diversity of Leishmania spp.

Millennium development goals (MDGs-2000-2015) to sustainable development goals (SDGs-2030): A chronological landscape of public sector health care segment of Pakistan.

Objective: To evaluate Pakistan's progress in the context of health-related Millennium Development Goals.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2016 to March 2017 at Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad and National Institution of Health, assessed the chronological landscape of health conditions with temporal limit of 2000 to 2015 while measuring progress in 5, 10 and 15 years of Millennium Development Goals in the Public Sector Health Care Segment. Data was analysed using SPSS 21.

Prevalence of clinical malaria and household characteristics of patients in tribal districts of Pakistan.

Background: Malaria, disproportionately affects poor people more than any other disease of public health concern in developing countries. In resource-constrained environments, monitoring the occurrence of malaria is essential for the success of national malaria control programs. Militancy and military conflicts have been a major challenge in monitoring the incidence and controlling malaria and other emerging infectious diseases.

Spatiotemporal patterns of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the district upper and lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A GIS-based spatial approaches.

While Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is not a life-threatening disease, it leads to devastating effects on local community. CL is widely scattered manifesting a noticeable epidemiological pattern around the globe. The present study was planned to address the role of Geographic Information System (GIS) using CL clinico-epidemiological data to determine the high-risk areas of CL.

In vitro anti-leishmanial activity of Prunus armeniaca fractions on Leishmania tropica and molecular docking studies.

Prunus armeniaca (L.) is a member of the Rosaceae, subfamily Prunoideae, shows anticancer, antitubercular, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cardioprotective activities. Here we fractionated the leaves extract of this highly medicinally important plant for antileishmanial activity.

Exploring the ability of dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxamide and 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidine-based analogues for the selective inhibition of L. major dihydrofolate reductase.

To tackle leishmaniasis, search for efficient therapeutic drug targets should be pursued. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is considered as a key target for the treatment of leishmaniasis. In current study, we are interested in the design and synthesis of selective antifolates targeting DHFR from L.

Molecular epidemiological survey of cutaneous leishmaniasis from Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an emerging neglected tropical disease in Azad Jammu and Kashmir which is an underdeveloped area. Prevalence and parasite species identification are the key factors to control disease in a particular population, which were the objectives of the present study. Due to a lack of previous data, we performed a district-based active CL surveillance in 2018.

Environmental risk assessment of diclofenac residues in surface waters and wastewater: a hidden global threat to aquatic ecosystem.

Pharmaceuticals are chemical compounds employed as medicinal drugs. They have severe physic-chemical properties which make them destructive for non-target species. Consequently, their continuous addition in the environment may pose hazardous effects.

Correction to: Occurrence and seasonal variation of human Plasmodium infection in Punjab Province, Pakistan.

After publication of the original article [1], we were notified that an author's name has been erroneously spelled. Aamir Ali Khattak should be replaced with Aamer Ali Khattak.

Occurrence and seasonal variation of human Plasmodium infection in Punjab Province, Pakistan.

Background: Malaria is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Pakistan is considered as a moderate malaria-endemic country but still, 177 million individuals are at risk of malaria. Roughly 60% of Pakistan's population, live in malaria-endemic regions.

Failure of an Innovative Low-Cost, Noninvasive Thermotherapy Device for Treating Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by in Pakistan.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a neglected parasitic skin disease, is endemic in Pakistan, where and are the causative protozoan species. Standard treatment with antimonial injections is long, painful, and costly; has toxic side effects; and is not always available in public hospitals. Small pilot studies have previously evaluated a low-cost and noninvasive hand-held exothermic crystallization thermotherapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis (HECT-CL) device.

Incidence, Risk Factors, and Epidemiology of Cystic Echinococcosis: A Complex Socioecological Emerging Infectious Disease in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Province of Pakistan.

Cystic echinococcosis is a serious zoonotic disease caused by species complex. The current study is the first attempt to determine the level of infection in domestic livestock and to explore the CE-related knowledge and awareness among livestock farmers in different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, province of Pakistan. A total of 1297 animals were examined for hydatid cysts including 538 cows, 428 buffaloes, 208 sheep, and 123 goats, at different slaughter houses in different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2 years from September 2015 to September 2017.

Comparative analysis of egg adapted vaccines and salinomycin against coccidiosis in chicks.

Avian coccidiosis is an intestinal protozoan parasitic disease of genus Eimeria. Wide use of anticoccidial drugs has resulted in development of drug resistant strains. Current study is based upon the development of egg adapted vaccines; gametocytes, formalin inactivated and formalin inactivated sonicated gametocytes against coccidiosis.

A preliminary survey on prevalence and knowledge about different aspects of somnambulism in Buner District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Purpose: Present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and knowledge about different aspects of somnambulism in general population of Buner District, KP, Pakistan, during December 2015-November 2016.

Methods: Data was collected through convenient sampling technique which was comprised of structured and detailed questionnaire. Collected data regarding different actions performed by sleepwalkers were adjusted through a weighted variable to generalize results.

Development of mannose-anchored thiolated amphotericin B nanocarriers for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.

Aim: Our goal was to improve treatment outcomes for visceral leishmaniasis by designing nanocarriers that improve drug biodistribution and half-life. Thus, long-acting mannose-anchored thiolated chitosan amphotericin B nanocarrier complexes (MTC AmB) were developed and characterized.

Materials & Methods: A mannose-anchored thiolated chitosan nanocarrier was manufactured and characterized.

Prevalence of Leishmania tropica in school boys of khyber agency, FATA near Pak-Afghan border.

In Pakistan leishmaniasis occurs periodically throughout the year and various out breaks are reported frequently. In continuation of our research on this neglected disease, the aim of present study is to explore: (1) the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in school boys; (2) Leishmania species identification in order to epidemiology and dynamics of the disease; (3) Identification of risk factors for Leishmaniasis especially for CL. The data was collected in August 2014 The experimental strategy involved a questionnaire for data collection and along with clinical diagnosis of 134 out of 9368 students for incidence of Leishmania spp.

Formulation and In Vitro Characterization of Thiolated Buccoadhesive Film of Fluconazole.

The present work is focused on the development of thiolated film for fluconazole buccal delivery. To this end, unmodified polymers chitosan and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) backbone was covalently modified by thioglycolic acid (TGA) and cysteine, respectively. The thiolated buccoadhesive film was evaluated in terms of thickness, weight uniformity, water-uptake capacity, drug content, and release patterns.

Prevalence and distribution of human Plasmodium infection in Federally Administrative Tribal Areas of Pakistan.

About 3.6 million Pashtun and over 1.5 million immigrants from Afghanistan live in the federally administered tribal areas (FATA) on the border between Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and southern Afghanistan.

Structure based medicinal chemistry-driven strategy to design substituted dihydropyrimidines as potential antileishmanial agents.

In an attempt to explore novel and more potent antileishmanial compounds to diversify the current inhibitors, we pursued a medicinal chemistry-driven strategy to synthesize novel scaffolds with common pharmacophoric features of dihydropyrimidine and chalcone as current investigational antileishmanial compounds. Based on the reported X-ray structure of Pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) from Leishmania major, we have designed a number of dihydropyrimidine-based derivatives to make specific interactions in PTR1 active site. Our lead compound 8i has shown potent in vitro antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of L.

Design, synthesis, antibacterial activity and docking study of some new trimethoprim derivatives.

In present study, nineteen novel trimethoprim (TMP) derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial potential. Hydroxy trimethoprim 2 (HTMP) was synthesized by following the demethylation of 4-methoxy group at trimethoxy benzyl ring of TMP. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were explored on HTMP by incorporating various substituents leading to the identification of some new compounds with improved antibacterial activities.