Glutathione and a Pool of Metabolites Partly Related to Oxidative Stress Are Associated with Low and High Myopia in an Altered Bioenergetic Environment.

Oxidative stress forms part of the molecular basis contributing to the development and manifestation of myopia, a refractive error with associated pathology that is increasingly prevalent worldwide and that subsequently leads to an upsurge in degenerative visual impairment due to conditions that are especially associated with high myopia. The purpose of our study was to examine the interrelation of potential oxidative-stress-related metabolites found in the aqueous humor of high-myopic, low-myopic, and non-myopic patients within a clinical study. We conducted a cross-sectional study, selecting two sets of patients undergoing cataract surgery.

Recovery course of persistent posterior subretinal fluid after successful repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Purpose: To investigate best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), subretinal fluid (SRF) absorption time or ellipsoid zone (EZ) restoration time and various variables in patients with persistent SRF after successful primary repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

Methods: This retrospective multicenter study allowed independent analysis of the healing pattern by two observers based on composite of serial cross-sectional macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. Univariate and multivariate analyses were implemented.

Recovery course of foveal microstructure in the nonsurgical resolution of full-thickness macular hole.

Purpose: To analyze the recovery course of foveal microstructures in eyes with nonsurgical healing of full-thickness macular hole (FTMH).

Methods: By serial OCT scans, the temporal healing sequences were analyzed in ocular trauma, vitreomacular traction (VMT), cystoid macular edema (CME), and the remaining group. We evaluated correlations between the final best-corrected spectacle visual acuity and reconstruction time of external limiting membrane (ELM), and inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS).

High Myopia and the Complement System: Factor H in Myopic Maculopathy.

High myopia (HM) is both a medical problem and refractive error of the eye owing to excessive eyeball length, which progressively makes eye tissue atrophic, and is one of the main causes for diminishing visual acuity in developed countries. Despite its high prevalence and many genetic and proteomic studies, no molecular pattern exists that explain the degenerative process underlying HM, which predisposes patients to other diseases like glaucoma, cataracts, retinal detachment and chorioretinal atrophy that affect the macular area. To determine the relation between complement Factors H (CFH) and D (CFD) and the maculopathy of patients with degenerative myopia, we studied aqueous humor samples that were collected by aspiration from 122 patients during cataract surgery.

Clinical characteristics of full thickness macular holes that closed without surgery.

Purpose: To ascertain the anatomic factors that help achieve non-surgical sealing in full thickness macular hole (FTMH).

Methods: Retrospective collaborative study of FTMH that closed without surgical intervention.

Results: A total of 78 patients (mean age 57.

Lipid Peroxidation in Subretinal Fluid: Some Light on the Prognosis Factors.

The aim of this study was to identify a relation between the clinical characteristics and differences in lipid peroxidation in the subretinal fluid (SRF) of rhegmatogenous retinal detached patients by malondialdehyde (MDA) quantification. We collected 65 SRF samples from consecutive patients during scleral buckling surgery in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) eyes. In addition to a complete ophthalmic evaluation, we studied the refractive status, evolution time, and the number of detached retinal quadrants to establish the extension of RRD.

Use in clinical practice of an automated screening method of diabetic retinopathy that can be derived using a diagnostic artificial intelligence system.

Background And Objective: To compare the diagnostic performance of an autonomous diagnostic artificial intelligence (AI) system for the diagnosis of derivable diabetic retinopathy (RDR) with manual classification.

Materials And Methods: Patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes participated in a diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening program between 2011-2012. 2 images of each eye were collected.

Non-Mydriatic Ultra-Wide Field Imaging Versus Dilated Fundus Exam and Intraoperative Findings for Assessment of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment.

Background: to compare the extent of the detached retina and retinal tears location in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) among non-mydriatic ultra-wide field (UWF) imaging, dilated fundus exam (DFE), and intraoperative evaluation.

Methods: this retrospective chart review comprised 123 patients undergoing surgery for RRD. A masked retina specialist analyzed the UWF fundus images for RRD area, status of the macula, and presence and location of retinal breaks.

Imbalance Between Oxidative Stress and Growth Factors in Human High Myopia.

Myopia is one of the commonest eye pathologies that could affect 2.56 billion people by 2020. Today high myopia is a leading cause of blindness worldwide due to associated ocular illness.

Validation of Automated Screening for Referable Diabetic Retinopathy With an Autonomous Diagnostic Artificial Intelligence System in a Spanish Population.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the diagnostic performance of an autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) system for the diagnosis of referable diabetic retinopathy (RDR) to manual grading by Spanish ophthalmologists.

Methods: Subjects with type 1 and 2 diabetes participated in a diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening program in 2011 to 2012 in Valencia (Spain), and two images per eye were collected according to their standard protocol. Mydriatic drops were used in all patients.

CNNs for automatic glaucoma assessment using fundus images: an extensive validation.

Background: Most current algorithms for automatic glaucoma assessment using fundus images rely on handcrafted features based on segmentation, which are affected by the performance of the chosen segmentation method and the extracted features. Among other characteristics, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are known because of their ability to learn highly discriminative features from raw pixel intensities.

Methods: In this paper, we employed five different ImageNet-trained models (VGG16, VGG19, InceptionV3, ResNet50 and Xception) for automatic glaucoma assessment using fundus images.

The influence of storage method on the transparency of pig crystalline lens.

Purpose: The porcine eye is frequently used as a research model. This paper analyzes the effect of different storage methods on the transparency of pig crystalline lens.

Methods: A spectral transmission curve (from 220 to 780 nm) for the crystalline lens was determined experimentally after storage in different conditions: saline solution, formalin, castor oil, and freezing at -80°C.

Bevacizumab Diminishes Inflammation in an Acute Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis Model.

Uveitis is an eye disease characterized by inflammation of the uvea and an early and exhaustive diagnosis is essential for its treatment. The aim of our study is to assess the potential toxicity and anti-inflammatory efficacy of Bevacizumab in an experimental uveitis model by subcutaneously injecting lipopolysaccharide into Lewis rats and to clarify its mechanism. Blood-aqueous barrier integrity was assessed 24 h after endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) by analyzing two parameters: cell count and protein concentration in aqueous humors.

Intra-ocular lens optical changes resulting from the loading of dexamethasone.

To study the optical changes on hydrogel-silicone intraocular lenses (IOLs) resulting from loading them with dexamethasone. We used prototype hydrogel(pHEMA)-silicone IOLs and loaded the matrices with an anti-inflammatory drug (dexamethasone). The optical properties we analyzed experimentally were a) modulation transfer function (MTF); b) spectral transmission; c) diopter power.

Electrophysiological and clinical tests in dry age-related macular degeneration follow-up: differences between mfERG and OCT.

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the major causes of progressive and debilitating visual impairment in developed countries and has become a growing health and social issue that needs to be addressed. Imaging techniques and functional tests are useful to assess the degree of macular dysfunction and AMD progression. However, given the slow progression of the disease, it is necessary to identify which techniques are more sensitive for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with AMD.

Photoprotection and photoreception of intraocular lenses under xenon and white LED illumination.

Objective: To analyze the photoprotection and phototransmission that various intraocular lenses (IOLs) provide under the illumination of a xenon (Xe) lamp and white LEDs (light emitting diode).

Methods: The spectral transmission curves of six representative IOLs were measured using a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 35 UV/VIS spectrometer. Various filtering simulations were performed using a Xe lamp and white LEDs.

Looking into aqueous humor through metabolomics spectacles - exploring its metabolic characteristics in relation to myopia.

Aqueous humor is the transparent fluid found in the anterior chamber of the eye that provides the metabolic requirements to the avascular tissues surrounding it. Despite the fact that metabolomics could be a powerful tool in the characterization of this biofluid and in revealing metabolic signatures of common ocular diseases such as myopia, it has never to our knowledge previously been applied in humans. In this research a novel method for the analysis of aqueous humor is presented to show its application in the characterization of this biofluid using CE-MS.

Light transmission and ultraviolet protection of contact lenses under artificial illumination.

Purpose: To determine the spectral transmission of contact lenses (CLs), with and without an ultraviolet (UV) filter to evaluate their capacity for protection under UV radiation from artificial illumination (incandescent, fluorescent, xenon (Xe) lamps, or white LEDs (light-emitting diode)).

Methods: The transmission curves of nine soft CLs were obtained by using a PerkinElmer Lambda 35 UV-vis spectrophotometer. A CIE standard was used for the emission spectra of incandescent and fluorescent lamps, and Xe lamps and white LEDs were measured by using an International Light Technologies ILT-950 spectroradiometer.

A rapid method for measuring intraocular lens power in vitro with a focimeter.

In this paper we describe a new method for measuring the intraocular lens (IOL) power using a focimeter, a negative ophthalmic lens and a saline solution (0.9% NaCl). To test this we measured the power of 58 different IOLs and we compared them with the power stated by the manufacturer.

New Immunosuppressive Therapies in Uveitis Treatment.

Uveitis is an inflammatory process that initially starts in the uvea, but can also affect other adjacent eye structures, and is currently the fourth cause of blindness in developed countries. Corticoids are probably the most widespread treatment, but resorting to other immunosuppressive treatments is a frequent practice. Since the implication of different cytokines in uveitis has been well demonstrated, the majority of recent treatments for this disease include inhibitors or antibodies against these.

Macrophages and Uveitis in Experimental Animal Models.

Resident and infiltrated macrophages play relevant roles in uveitis as effectors of innate immunity and inductors of acquired immunity. They are major effectors of tissue damage in uveitis and are also considered to be potent antigen-presenting cells. In the last few years, experimental animal models of uveitis have enabled us to enhance our understanding of the leading role of macrophages in eye inflammation processes, including macrophage polarization in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis and the major role of Toll-like receptor 4 in endotoxin-induced uveitis.

Image quality comparison of two multifocal IOLs: influence of the pupil.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of pupil size on image quality of a sectorial multifocal intraocular lens (IOL), the Lentis Mplus (Oculentis GmbH, Berlin, Germany), and the Acri.LISA IOL (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany).

Methods: The authors measured the MTFs of the Lentis Mplus LS-312 IOL and the Acri.

Determination of scattering in intraocular lenses by spectrophotometric measurements.

This study presents a method for measuring scattering in explanted intraocular lenses (IOLs). Currently, determining scattering in IOLs is usually performed by Scheimpflug cameras and the results are expressed in the units used by this apparatus. The method we propose uses a spectrophotometer and this makes it possible to measure the total transmission of the IOL by using an integrating sphere; the direct transmission is determined by the double-beam mode.

Spectral transmission of the pig lens: effect of ultraviolet A+B radiation.

Objective: To determine the spectral transmission curve of the crystalline lens of the pig. To analyse how this curve changes when the crystalline lens is irradiated with ultraviolet A+B radiation similar to that of the sun. To compare these results with literature data from the human crystalline lens.