Leveraging Comparative Phylogenetics for Evolutionary Medicine: Applications to Comparative Oncology.

Comparative phylogenetics provides a wealth of computational tools to understand evolutionary processes and their outcomes. Advances in these methodologies have occurred in parallel with a surge in cross-species genomic and phenotypic data. To date, however, the majority of published studies have focused on classical questions in evolutionary biology, such as speciation and the ecological drivers of trait evolution.

The future of evolutionary medicine: sparking innovation in biomedicine and public health.

Evolutionary medicine - i.e. the application of insights from evolution and ecology to biomedicine - has tremendous untapped potential to spark transformational innovation in biomedical research, clinical care and public health.

Cataracts Across the Tree of Life: A Roadmap for Prevention and Biomedical Innovation.

Purpose: Spontaneous cataracts have been identified in the lenses of animals across a phylogenetically wide range of species. This can be a source of insights and innovation for human health professionals, but many persons may lack awareness of it. By providing a phylogenetic survey and analysis of species with cataract vulnerability, this paper demonstrates how a broad comparative perspective can provide critical information about environmental hazards to human visual health and can spark potential innovations in the prevention and treatment of cataracts in humans.

History of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Institute for Laboratory Animal Research.

The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) was created within the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (National Academies) in 1953 when biomedical research using animals was in its infancy in terms of quantity, quality, complexity, sophistication, and care. Over the intervening 69 years, ILAR has witnessed unprecedented growth, followed by unprecedented decline, and then regrowth in usage of specific species and models and an overall shift in experimental burden away from larger to smaller species (ie, mice, fish, and rats). ILAR has contributed much to the evolution of necessary research using animals and animal models for the benefit of humans, animals, and the environment and to the development and implementation of humane principles and standards for care and use of research animals.

Galectin-3 is Associated with Heart Failure Incidence: A Meta-Analysis.

Introduction: Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of death worldwide. The global prevalence of heart failure is projected to increase rapidly in the coming decades, and significant attention has turned to improving biomarker-based risk prediction of incident HF. This paper aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the evidence associating levels of galectin-3 with the risk of incident HF.

Glaucoma through Animal's Eyes: Insights from the Evolution of Intraocular Pressure in Mammals and Birds.

Glaucoma, an eye disorder caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in humans. Understanding how IOP levels have evolved across animal species could shed light on the nature of human vulnerability to glaucoma. Here, we studied the evolution of IOP in mammals and birds and explored its life history correlates.

Female Health Across the Tree of Life: Insights at the Intersection of Women's Health, One Health and Planetary Health.

Across the tree of life, female animals share biological characteristics that place them at risk for similar diseases and disorders. Greater awareness of these shared vulnerabilities can accelerate insight and innovation in women's health. We present a broadly comparative approach to female health that can inform issues ranging from mammary, ovarian, and endometrial cancer to preeclampsia, osteoporosis, and infertility.

Stress, Subordination, and Anomalies of Feeding Across the Tree of Life: Implications for Interpreting Human Eating Disorders.

Eating behaviors of animals living in naturalistic environments offer unique insights into several dysregulated eating patterns observed in humans. Social subordination is a known precipitant of hyperphagia and hypophagia in human beings, and examples of similar responses have been identified in a phylogenetically widespread range of vertebral species. This points to potentially conserved, patterned responses to animals navigating lives within social hierarchies.

Did giraffe cardiovascular evolution solve the problem of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?

The evolved adaptations of other species can be a source of insight for novel biomedical innovation. Limitations of traditional animal models for the study of some pathologies are fueling efforts to find new approaches to biomedical investigation. One emerging approach recognizes the evolved adaptations in other species as possible solutions to human pathology.

Manipulating the exposome to enable better ageing.

The sum total of life course exposures creates an exposome that has a significant impact on age-related health. Understanding the interplay between exposome factors and the (epi) genome, offers pertinent insights into the ageing process and its relationship with the accumulation of allostatic load. We propose to exploit this to develop a biomimetic approach that will provide insight into how evolution through natural selection in other species has solved many age related human health issues.

Biomimetics - Nature's roadmap to insights and solutions for burden of lifestyle diseases.

There are over 8 million species in this world that live in widely varying environments, from hot thermal fissures to cold arctic settings. These species have evolved over millions of years and vary markedly in how they have adapted to their environments. In the last decades, studies of how species have succeeded in surviving in different environments and with different resources have been recognized to provide not only insights into disease but also novel means for developing treatments.

A cross-species approach to disorders affecting brain and behaviour.

Structural and functional elements of biological systems are highly conserved across vertebrates. Many neurological and psychiatric conditions affect both humans and animals. A cross-species approach to the study of brain and behaviour can advance our understanding of human disorders via the identification of unrecognized natural models of spontaneous disorders, thus revealing novel factors that increase vulnerability or resilience, and via the assessment of potential therapies.

Incorporating one health into medical education.

One Health is an emerging concept that stresses the linkages between human, animal, and environmental health, as well as the need for interdisciplinary communication and collaboration to address health issues including emerging zoonotic diseases, climate change impacts, and the human-animal bond. It promotes complex problem solving using a systems framework that considers interactions between humans, animals, and their shared environment. While many medical educators may not yet be familiar with the concept, the One Health approach has been endorsed by a number of major medical and public health organizations and is beginning to be implemented in a number of medical schools.

A Systematic Review of Carrion Eaters' Adaptations to Avoid Sickness.

Species that scavenge on dead animals are exposed to enhanced disease risks. Eight hypotheses have been suggested to explain how scavengers avoid becoming sick from their diet. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and found correlative support for four of the eight hypotheses but limited evidence of systematic studies of the hypotheses.

Evolutionary determinants of polycystic ovary syndrome: part 2.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prehistoric complex genetic trait, perhaps dating back at least 50,000 years. The disorder also represents an evolutionary paradox, demonstrating clear reproductive disadvantages (i.e.

The evolution of capture myopathy in hooved mammals: a model for human stress cardiomyopathy?

Background And Objectives: Capture myopathy (CM) syndromes in wildlife may be a model for human stress cardiomyopathy, including Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Emotional stress or grief may trigger heart attack-like symptoms, and occasionally, sudden death in some humans. Similarly, wildlife exposed to predatory stresses, chase, or capture occasionally results in sudden death.

A Physician's View of One Health: Challenges and Opportunities.

One Health is one of the most important movements and emerging concepts in health today. The convergence of the fields of human and animal medicine has the potential to generate novel scientific hypotheses, create effective new therapies and potentially transform how physicians, veterinarians and their patients understand health and disease. Despite this potential, One Health has not yet gained significant awareness or traction in human medical communities.