Maintaining the Chloroplast Redox Balance through the PGR5-Dependent Pathway and the Trx System Is Required for Light-Dependent Activation of Photosynthetic Reactions.

Light-dependent activation of chloroplast enzymes is required for the rapid induction of photosynthesis after a shift from dark to light. The thioredoxin (Trx) system plays a central role in this process. In chloroplasts, the Trx system consists of two pathways: the ferredoxin (Fd)/Trx pathway and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-Trx reductase C (NTRC) pathway.

Synthesis of highly-monodisperse spherical titania particles with diameters in the submicron range.

Monodisperse titania spheres with particle diameters in the range 380-960 nm were successfully synthesized by hydrolysis and condensation of titanium tetraisopropoxide. The preparation was performed using ammonia or dodecylamine (DDA) as a catalyst in methanol/acetonitrile co-solvent at room temperature. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and nitrogen sorption measurement.