Differences in Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress Scores between Smartphone Version versus Paper Version Administration: Evidence of Equivalence.

The use of electronic patient-reported outcomes has increased recently, and smartphones offer distinct advantages over other devices. However, previous systematic reviews have not investigated the reliability of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6) when used with smartphones, and this has not been fully explored. This study aimed to evaluate the equivalence of the paper and smartphone versions of the CES-D, GAD-7, and K6, which were compared following a randomized crossover design method in 100 adults in Gunma, Japan.

Solvent-sensitive signs and magnitudes of circularly polarised luminescence and circular dichroism spectra: probing two phenanthrenes as emitters endowed with BINOL derivatives.

A C-symmeric binaphthyl framework bearing phenanthrene as the emitter exhibited circularly polarised luminescence (CPL) in dilute solutions. The CPL and circular dichroism signs of the luminophores were altered by solvents (chloroform, methanol, acetonitrile, and dimethylformamide). DFT and TD-DFT calculations indicated that the dihedral angle between the phenanthrene and naphthyl rings was responsible for the apparent sign inversion.