Treatment of diabetic macular edema with sustained-release glucocorticoids: intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone implant, and fluocinolone acetonide implant.

Introduction: Diabetic macular edema (DME) can be treated with intravitreal glucocorticoids, particularly triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone (DEX), and fluocinolone acetonide (FA).

Areas Covered: The pathophysiology of DME includes multiple growth factors such as VEGF and also inflammatory mediators. Glucocorticoids act on DME through multiple pathways, and current research into their efficacy, safety, and therapeutic potential when administered intravitreally is discussed.

The influence of retinal blood flow on open-angle glaucoma in patients with and without diabetes.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of retinal blood flow on optic nerve head (ONH) morphology in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) with and without diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods: A total of 66 patients with OAG (14 with DM, 52 without DM) were assessed at baseline and 3-year follow-up for retinal capillary blood flow using confocal scanning laser Doppler and ocular structure using Heidelberg retinal tomography and optical coherence tomography.

Results: Change in retinal tissue with zero blood flow in the superior and inferior retina was found to have a strong correlation with ONH changes in diabetic patients (r≥0.