Environmental drivers of the first major animal extinction across the Ediacaran White Sea-Nama transition.

The Ediacara Biota-the oldest communities of complex, macroscopic fossils-consists of three temporally distinct assemblages: the Avalon (ca. 575-560 Ma), White Sea (ca. 560-550 Ma), and Nama (ca.

Two- and three-body fragmentation of multiply charged tribromomethane by ultrafast laser pulses.

We investigate the two- and three-body fragmentation of tribromomethane (bromoform, CHBr) resulting from multiple ionization by 28-femtosecond near-infrared laser pulses with a peak intensity of 6 × 10 W cm. The analysis focuses on channels consisting exclusively of ionic fragments, which are measured by coincidence momentum imaging. The dominant two-body fragmentation channel is found to be Br + CHBr.

Strong-Field-Induced Coulomb Explosion Imaging of Tribromomethane.

The Coulomb explosion of tribromomethane (bromoform, CHBr) induced by 28 fs near-infrared laser pulses is investigated by three-dimensional coincidence ion momentum imaging. We focus on the fragmentation into three, four, and five ionic fragments measured in coincidence and present different ways of visualizing the three-dimensional momentum correlations. We show that the experimentally observed momentum correlations for 4- and 5-fold coincidences are well reproduced by classical Coulomb explosion simulations and contain information about the structure of the parent molecule that could be used to differentiate structural isomers formed, for example, in a pump-probe experiment.

Strong-field induced fragmentation and isomerization of toluene probed by ultrafast femtosecond electron diffraction and mass spectrometry.

We investigate the fragmentation and isomerization of toluene molecules induced by strong-field ionization with a femtosecond near-infrared laser pulse. Momentum-resolved coincidence time-of-flight ion mass spectrometry is used to determine the relative yield of different ionic products and fragmentation channels as a function of laser intensity. Ultrafast electron diffraction is used to capture the structure of the ions formed on a picosecond time scale by comparing the diffraction signal with theoretical predictions.

Predictors of Clinical Outcomes After Proximal Hamstring Repair.

Background: Proximal hamstring avulsions cause considerable morbidity. Operative repair results in improved pain, function, and patient satisfaction; however, outcomes remain variable.

Purpose: To evaluate the predictors of clinical outcomes after proximal hamstring repair.

Major League Baseball Pitching Performance After Tommy John Surgery and the Effect of Tear Characteristics, Technique, and Graft Type.

Background: Return to play and player satisfaction have been quite high after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR); however, there has been little reported on how outcomes are affected by surgical technique, graft type, and tear characteristics.

Purpose: To evaluate surgical techniques, graft type, and tear characteristics on Major League Baseball (MLB) performance after UCLR.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Medial Elbow Pain During the Return-to-Throwing Period After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Pitchers.

Background: Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is common in the sport of baseball, particularly among pitchers. Postoperative return-to-sport protocols have many players beginning to throw at 4 to 5 months and returning to full competition between 12 and 16 months after surgery. Medial elbow pain during the return-to-throwing period often occurs and can be difficult to manage.

Cenozoic Rotation History of Borneo and Sundaland, SE Asia Revealed by Paleomagnetism, Seismic Tomography, and Kinematic Reconstruction.

SE Asia comprises a heterogeneous assemblage of fragments derived from Cathaysia (Eurasia) in the north and Gondwana in the south, separated by suture zones representing closed former ocean basins. The western part of the region comprises Sundaland, which was formed by Late Permian-Triassic amalgamation of continental and arc fragments now found in Indochina, the Thai Penisula, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra. On Borneo, the Kuching Zone formed the eastern margin of Sundaland since the Triassic.

Pitching Performance After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction at a Single Institution in Major League Baseball Pitchers.

Background: Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction (UCLR) has shown reliable rates of return to play, with conflicting results on pitching performance after players' return.

Purpose: To evaluate Major League Baseball (MLB) pitching performance before and after UCLR performed at a single institution.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Infection and Rerupture After Surgical Repair of Achilles Tendons.

Background: Surgical repair of an Achilles tendon rupture has been shown to decrease rerupture rates. However, surgery also increases the risk of complications, including infection.

Purpose: To determine the risk factors for infection and rerupture after primary repair of Achilles tendon ruptures.

The Effect of Intraoperative Hypothermia on Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Limited evidence is available regarding the correlation between intraoperative hypothermia and perioperative complications in shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of intraoperative hypothermia in patients treated with shoulder arthroplasty and its effect on perioperative complications. A retrospective chart review was performed on 657 consecutive patients who underwent shoulder arthroplasty at a single institution between August 2013 and June 2016.

Epidemiology, Workload, and Performance of Major League Baseball Pitchers Placed on the Disabled List.

There is limited information on the effect of pitcher workload, pitch type, and performance of Major League Baseball pitchers placed on the disabled list (DL). This study evaluated demographic, performance, workload, and injury data of 330 Major League Baseball pitchers with 454 injuries who were placed on the DL during the 2014 and 2015 seasons. Upper extremity, lower extremity, core, hip/groin, and other injuries were analyzed, and injury year data were compared with career data as well as against other injury groups.

Performance, Return to Play, and Career Longevity After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Professional Catchers.

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to evaluate return to play and postinjury performance of professional catchers who sustained an ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) rupture requiring surgical reconstruction. We looked to evaluate these players to determine the rate of return to play, the level of return to play, and career longevity after surgery as well as how statistical performance is affected by reconstruction.

Methods: Twenty-five professional catchers who underwent UCL reconstruction between 1985 and 2015 were identified and compared with an age-, position-, and competition-matched control group.

Implications of Core and Hip Injuries on Major League Baseball Pitchers on the Disabled List.

Purpose: To investigate the frequency of core and hip injuries in Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers and their impact on performance, workload, and pitch type.

Methods: Demographic, performance data, and injury data were acquired for 330 MLB pitchers with 454 injuries placed on the disabled list (DL) from 2014 to 2015 seasons. Core and hip/groin injuries were analyzed in which injury year data were compared with career data and against other injury groups.

Single-Shot Femoral Nerve Block Does Not Cause Long-Term Strength and Functional Deficits Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Purpose: To determine if patients treated with a single-shot femoral nerve block have strength and functional deficits at 9-month follow-up.

Methods: Forty-three patients who underwent primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were randomized to receive either a preoperative single-shot femoral nerve block or local infiltration anesthesia for primary pain control. All patients underwent a standardized comprehensive rehabilitation program postoperatively.

Return to play after shoulder instability in National Football League athletes.

Hypothesis: We hypothesized that National Football League (NFL) players sustaining a shoulder destabilizing injury could return to play (RTP) successfully at a high rate regardless of treatment type.

Methods: We identified and evaluated 83 NFL players who sustained an in-season shoulder instability event while playing in the NFL. NFL RTP, incidence of surgery, time to RTP, recurrent instability events, seasons/games played after the injury, and demographic data were collected.

Return to Play After Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in National Football League Players.

Background: National Football League (NFL) players who undergo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have been shown to have a lower return to play (RTP) than previously expected. However, RTP in the NFL after revision ACL reconstruction (RACLR) is not well defined.

Purpose/hypothesis: The purpose of this study is to determine the RTP of NFL players after RACLR and evaluate factors that predict RTP.

Ultrasound evaluation of the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow: Which method is most reproducible?

Introduction: The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is an important medial stabilizer of the elbow, particularly in overhead-throwing athletes. However, there is no universally accepted method for evaluating UCL thickness with ultrasound (US).

Objective: To assess reproducibility of previously published methods, as well as a modified technique, for evaluating the UCL via US.

Pain Assessment After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Versus Hamstring Tendon Autograft.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a common outpatient procedure that is accompanied by significant postoperative pain.

Purpose: To determine differences in acute pain levels between patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) versus hamstring tendon (HS) autograft.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Major League pitching workload after primary ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction and risk for revision surgery.

Background: Literature has attempted to correlate pitching workload with risk of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury; however, limited data are available in evaluating workload and its relationship with the need for revision reconstruction in Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers.

Methods: We identified 29 MLB pitchers who underwent primary UCL reconstruction surgery and subsequently required revision reconstruction and compared them with 121 MLB pitchers who underwent primary reconstruction but did not later require revision surgery. Games pitched, pitch counts, and innings pitched were evaluated and compared for the seasons after returning from primary reconstruction and for the last season pitched before undergoing revision surgery.

Radiostereometric Evaluation of Tendon Elongation After Distal Biceps Repair.

Background: Operative repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures has shown successful outcomes. However, little is known about the amount of tendon or repair site lengthening after repair.

Purpose/hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate distal biceps tendon repair via intratendinous radiostereometric analysis to analyze tendon lengthening at different time intervals of healing.

Patient Perceptions of Reimbursement for Arthroscopic Meniscectomy and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Historically, patient perceptions of surgeon reimbursement have been exaggerated compared with actual reimbursement. There is limited information about patient perceptions of physician reimbursement for arthroscopic meniscectomy and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. This study evaluated patient perceptions of physician reimbursement for these procedures and compared perceptions of health care reform between urban and suburban clinics.

Liposomal Bupivacaine Versus Femoral Nerve Block for Pain Control After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

Purpose: To compare femoral nerve block (FNB) versus local liposomal bupivacaine (LB) for pain control in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Methods: Eighty-five patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction were assessed for participation. We performed a prospective randomized trial in accordance with the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) 2010 statement.

Major League Baseball pitch velocity and pitch type associated with risk of ulnar collateral ligament injury.

Background: The number of Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers requiring ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstructions is increasing. Recent literature has attempted to correlate specific stresses placed on the throwing arm to risk for UCL injury, with limited results.

Methods: Eighty-three MLB pitchers who underwent primary UCL reconstruction were evaluated.