Infrared neuroglial modulation of spinal locomotor networks.

Infrared neural stimulation (INS) emerges as a promising tool for stimulating the nervous system by its high spatial precision and absence of the use of exogenous agents into the tissue, which led to the first successful proof of concept in human brain. While neural networks have been the focal point of INS research, this technique is also non cell type specific as it triggers activity in non electrically excitable cells. Despite increasing interest, there remains to demonstrate well defined simultaneous astrocytic and neuronal signals in response to INS.