The burden of radiation exposure in children requiring percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Background: Children undergoing investigation and management for complex upper tract urolithiasis often require multimodal imaging. The significance of related radiation exposure in stone care pathways has received little attention in the published literature.

Study Design: Medical records of paediatric patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy were retrospectively analysed to ascertain the modalities used and determine extent of radiation exposure occurring during each care pathway.

Latitudes and attitudes: A multinational study of laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children.

Purpose: The Anderson-Hynes technique has been the treatment of choice for primary ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children. Laparoscopic approach has shown similar outcomes to open, with advantages of shorter hospital stay and less pain. We reviewed the experience of 11 geographically diverse, tertiary pediatric urology institutions focusing on the outcomes and complications of laparoscopic pyeloplasty.

Paediatric kidney transplantation: Towards a framework for pretransplant urological evaluation.

The role of the urologist in paediatric kidney transplantation has evolved alongside advances in management for the various causes of end-stage kidney disease. Improvements in antenatal intervention and postnatal care have seen children with increasingly complex urological anomalies survive until transplant. Once solely responsible for the oversight of a child's surgical care, the paediatric urologist now works within a multidisciplinary transplant team, alongside transplant surgeons, paediatric nephrologists, transplant coordinators, psychologists, social workers, and transitional care specialists.

Overview of a novel paediatric surgical simulation-based medical education programme in Myanmar.

Background: Simulation-based medical education (SBME) is an integral part of undergraduate and postgraduate training in high-income countries (HICs). Despite potential benefits to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), it has not been widely applied. Our aim was to use SBME to address some essential paediatric surgery learning needs in a LMIC.

Clinical Impact of the Introduction of Pediatric Intussusception Air Enema Reduction Technology in a Low- to Middle-Income Country Using Low-Cost Simulation-Based Medical Education.

Introduction: Pediatric intussusception is a common cause of bowel obstruction in infants. Air enema (AE) reduction is routine first-line management in many countries; however, there is a high rate of operative intervention in low- and middle-income countries. The aims of the study were to use simulation-based medical education with an intussusception simulator to introduce AE reduction to Myanmar and to assess its effect on provider behaviors and the resulting clinical care.

Normal sonographic renal length measurements in an Australian pediatric population.

Background: Reference charts depicting normal growth are important for the sonographic assessment of the pediatric kidney. Limited charts are available for clinical use in an Australian population.

Objective: To retrospectively collate sonographic renal length measurements in a cohort of low-risk Australian children aged newborn to 16 years to produce a reference table and comparison with other published charts.

Establishing content validity and fidelity of a novel paediatric intussusception air enema reduction simulator.

Background: Intussusception is a common, potentially life-threatening paediatric condition. Non-operative treatment with an air enema has been established as the clinical gold standard. There is no validated model for the training of this procedure.

Simulation in paediatric urology and surgery. Part 1: An overview of educational theory.

Surgical training has changed radically in the last few decades. The traditional Halstedian model of time-bound apprenticeship has been replaced with competency-based training. Advanced understanding of mastery learning principles has vastly altered educational methodology in surgical training, in terms of instructional design, delivery of educational content, assessment of learning, and programmatic evaluation.

Disorders of sex development: insights from targeted gene sequencing of a large international patient cohort.

Background: Disorders of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which chromosomal, gonadal, or phenotypic sex is atypical. Clinical management of DSD is often difficult and currently only 13% of patients receive an accurate clinical genetic diagnosis. To address this we have developed a massively parallel sequencing targeted DSD gene panel which allows us to sequence all 64 known diagnostic DSD genes and candidate genes simultaneously.

Copy-number variation associated with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract.

Background: The most common cause of end-stage renal disease in children can be attributed to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Despite this high incidence of disease, the genetic mutations responsible for the majority of CAKUT cases remain unknown.

Methods: To identify novel genomic regions associated with CAKUT, we screened 178 children presenting with the entire spectrum of structural anomalies associated with CAKUT for submicroscopic chromosomal imbalances (deletions or duplications) using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays.

Transitional cell carcinoma in the paediatric population: be aware of unusual aetiologies.

This is a case report of a 12 year old girl who presented with a rare condition in paediatrics, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. It is important because it is readily treated by endoscopic means if diagnosed early. Potential aetiologies for this unusual condition are explored.