Two Candidate Effector Genes, and : A Functional Investigation of Their Roles in Regulating Nematode Parasitism.

During parasitism, root-knot nematode spp. inject molecules termed effectors that have multifunctional roles in construction and maintenance of nematode feeding sites. As an outcome of transcriptomic analysis of , we identified and characterized two differentially expressed genes encoding the predicted proteins MjShKT, carrying a toxin (ShKT) domain, and MjPUT3, carrying a ground-like domain, both expressed during nematode parasitism of the tomato plant.

The Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2 (MjMCM2) of Meloidogyne javanica is a potential effector regulating the cell cycle in nematode-induced galls.

Root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. induce enlarged multinucleate feeding cells-galls-in host plant roots. Although core cell-cycle components in galls follow a conserved track, they can also be usurped and manipulated by nematodes.

Tomato Divinyl Ether-Biosynthesis Pathway Is Implicated in Modulating of Root-Knot Nematode 's Parasitic Ability.

The role of the 9-lipoxygenase (9-LOX)-derived oxylipins in plant defense is mainly known in solanaceous plants. In this work, we identify the functional role of the tomato divinyl ether synthase (LeDES) branch, which exclusively converts 9-hydroperoxides to the 9-divinyl ethers (DVEs) colneleic acid (CA) and colnelenic acid (CnA), during infection by the root-knot nematode . Analysis of expression in roots indicated a concurrent response to nematode infection, demonstrating a sharp increase in expression during the molting of third/fourth-stage juveniles, 15 days after inoculation.

Oxylipins are implicated as communication signals in tomato-root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) interaction.

Throughout infection, plant-parasitic nematodes activate a complex host defense response that will regulate their development and aggressiveness. Oxylipins-lipophilic signaling molecules-are part of this complex, performing a fundamental role in regulating plant development and immunity. At the same time, the sedentary root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp.

Tomato SlWRKY3 acts as a positive regulator for resistance against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by activating lipids and hormone-mediated defense-signaling pathways.

Diseases caused by plant-parasitic nematodes in vegetables, among them Meloidogyne spp. root-knot nematodes (RKNs), lead to extensive yield decline. A molecular understanding of the mechanisms underlying plants' innate resistance may enable developing safe alternatives to harmful chemical nematicides in controlling RKNs.