Constituents From Brazilian Propolis Against Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium covae, Two Bacteria Affecting Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium covae are two bacteria species that cause diseases in farm-raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) that cause heavy economic damage to the aquaculture industry, particularly to the channel catfish farming. In search for environmentally benign antibacterial compounds active against E. ictaluri and F.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification of phytochemicals in using data-dependent acquisition, multiple-reaction-monitoring, and parallel-reaction-monitoring with an inclusion list.

Characterization of botanical extracts by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis helps in determining the phytochemical composition that underlies their bioactivity and potential health benefits, while also supporting reproducibility of effects in clinical trials. The quantification of seven withanolides in using three mass-spectrometry methods was evaluated using Deming regression. Two high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry methods were used, one operating in data-dependent acquisition mode and the other in parallel-reaction-monitoring mode with an inclusion list.

and its caffeoylquinic acid and triterpene constituents increase dendritic arborization of mouse primary hippocampal neurons and improve age-related locomotion deficits in .

Introduction: (CA) is known in Ayurvedic medicine as a rejuvenating herb with particular benefits in the nervous system. Two groups of specialized metabolites found in CA and purported to contribute to its beneficial effects are triterpenes (TTs) and caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs). In order to evaluate the role and interactions of TTs and CQAs in the effects of CA, we examined the neurotrophic effects of a water extract of CA (CAW) and combinations of its TT and CQA components in mouse primary hippocampal neurons and in flies .

, a plant growth stimulating bacterium, and its metabolites isolated from (dollarweed).

A bacterium growing on infected leaves of , commonly known as dollarweed, was isolated and identified as . An ethyl acetate extract of tryptic soy broth (TSB) liquid culture filtrate of the bacterium was subjected to silica gel chromatography to isolate bioactive molecules. Indole was isolated as the major compound that gave a distinct, foul odor to the extract, together with phenethyl alcohol, phenol, tryptophol, -acyl-homoserine lactone, 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol, cyclo(L-pro-L-tyr), and cyclo(dehydroAla-L-Leu).

Applying an internal transcribed spacer as a single molecular marker to differentiate between and species.

In the realm of applied phycology, algal physiology, and biochemistry publications, the absence of proper identification and documentation of microalgae is a common concern. This poses a significant challenge for non-specialists who struggle to identify numerous eukaryotic microalgae. However, a promising solution lies in employing an appropriate DNA barcoding technique and establishing comprehensive databases of reference sequences.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Barcoding for the Identification of Botanicals.

The Natural Herbal Products industry uses botanicals or herbs as raw materials for production of herbal products or dietary supplements. Recently, the demand for natural herbal products has increased tremendously and this has led to adulteration and to counterfeit herbal products. The present chapter deals with currently used molecular methods from "simple" single genomic regions to high-throughput whole genome or transcriptome sequencing methods used in the identification of botanicals.

The Low Copy Nuclear Gene Region, Granule Bound Starch Synthase (GBSS1), as a Novel Mini-DNA Barcode for the Identification of Different Sage (Salvia) Species.

Morphological similarity within species makes the identification and authentication of species challenging, especially in dietary supplements that contain processed root or leaf powder of different sage species. In the present study, the species discriminatory power of 2 potential DNA barcode regions from the nuclear genome was evaluated in 7 medicinally important species from the family Lamiaceae. The nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 and the exon 9 - 14 region of low copy nuclear gene coding for granule-bound starch synthase 1 were tested for their species discrimination ability using distance, phylogenetic, and BLAST-based methods.

A Comprehensive Workflow for the Analysis of Bio-Macromolecular Supplements: Case Study of 20 Whey Protein Products.

The presence of bio-macromolecules as major ingredients is a primary factor in marketing many biologically derived macromolecular supplements. Workflows for analyzing these supplements for quality assurance, adulteration, and other supply-chain difficulties must include a qualitative assessment of small-molecule and macromolecular components; however, no such integrated protocol has been reported for these bio-macromolecular supplements. Twenty whey protein supplements were analyzed using an integrated workflow to identify protein content, protein adulteration, inorganic elemental content, and macromolecular and small-molecule profiles.

Antimalarials and Phytotoxins from Identified from a Seed of Diseased .

The metabolic pathways in the apicoplast organelle of parasites are similar to those in plastids in plant cells and are suitable targets for malaria drug discovery. Some phytotoxins released by plant pathogenic fungi have been known to target metabolic pathways of the plastid; thus, they may also serve as potential antimalarial drug leads. An EtOAc extract of the broth of the endophyte isolated from a seed collected from a plant with disease symptoms, showed in vitro antimalarial and phytotoxic activities.

Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Cytochalasins from an Endophytic Fungus, sp. UM10M, Isolated from a Diseased Leaf.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of an EtOAc extract of the broth of the endophytic fungus sp. UM10M (Xylariaceae) isolated from a diseased leaf afforded three known cytochalasins, 19,20-epoxycytochalasins C () and D (), and 18-deoxy-19,20-epoxy-cytochalasin C (). All three compounds showed potent in vitro antiplasmodial activity and phytotoxicity with no cytotoxicity to Vero cells.

Essential Oils of Five Species: Investigations on the Chemical Composition and Biological Activities.

This paper provides a comparative account of the essential oil chemical composition and biological activities of five Brazilian species of (Asteraceae), namely , , , , and . The chemical compositions of three species (, , and ) are reported for the first time. Analyses by GC/MS showed notable differences in the essential oil compositions of the five species.

Identification of Species in the Aromatic Spice Family Apiaceae Using DNA Mini-barcodes.

The species of the aromatic plant family Apiaceae are mainly used as spices and foods, but the family also includes medicinal and some poisonous plant species. Due to the similar chemical compounds or aroma and morphology, the poisonous species are often mistaken for the edible aromatic species. It is therefore imperative to correctly identify the species present at the initial raw stage samples to ensure product safety and efficacy.

Isolation of a phytotoxic isocoumarin from Diaporthe eres-infected Hedera helix (English ivy) and synthesis of its phytotoxic analogs.

Background: The fungus Diaporthe eres was isolated from a fungal pathogen-infected leaf of Hedera helix (English ivy) exhibiting necrosis. It is hypothesized that the causative fungus produces phytotoxins as evidenced by necrotic lesions on the leaves.

Results: The fungus was isolated and grown in Czapek Dox broth culture medium and potato dextrose broth culture medium and identified as Diaporthe eres.

A single molecular marker to distinguish between species of Dioscorea.

Yams are species of the genus Dioscorea (family Dioscoreaceae), which consists of approximately 630 species. The majority of the world production of yams occurs in Africa with 58.8 million t annually, but they are also produced in the Americas and Asia.

DNA Barcoding for the Identification of Botanicals in Herbal Medicine and Dietary Supplements: Strengths and Limitations.

In the past decades, the use of traditional medicine has increased globally, leading to a booming herbal medicine and dietary supplement industry. The increased popularity of herbal products has led to a rise in demand for botanical raw materials. Accurate identification of medicinal herbs is a legal requirement in most countries and prerequisite for delivering a quality product that meets consumer expectations.

Investigating sesquiterpene biosynthesis in Ginkgo biloba: molecular cloning and functional characterization of (E,E)-farnesol and α-bisabolene synthases.

Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest living tree species and has been extensively investigated as a source of bioactive natural compounds, including bioactive flavonoids, diterpene lactones, terpenoids and polysaccharides which accumulate in foliar tissues. Despite this chemical diversity, relatively few enzymes associated with any biosynthetic pathway from ginkgo have been characterized to date. In the present work, predicted transcripts potentially encoding enzymes associated with the biosynthesis of diterpenoid and terpenoid compounds, including putative terpene synthases, were first identified by mining publicly-available G.

Phomalactone from a Phytopathogenic Fungus Infecting ZINNIA elegans (ASTERACEAE) Leaves.

Zinnia elegans Jacq. plants are infected by a fungus that causes dark red spots with necrosis on leaves, particularly in late spring to the middle of summer in the Mid-South of the United States. This fungal disease causes the leaves to wilt and eventually kills the plant.

Molecular and phytochemical investigation of Angelica dahurica and Angelica pubescentis essential oils and their biological activity against Aedes aegypti, Stephanitis pyrioides, and Colletotrichum species.

In this study, Angelica dahurica and Angelica pubescentis root essential oils were investigated as pest management perspectives, and root samples were also analyzed genetically using the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a DNA barcode marker. A. pubescentis root essential oil demonstrated weak antifungal activity against Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum fragariae, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, whereas A.

DNA barcoding of medicinal plant material for identification.

Because of the increasing demand for herbal remedies and for authentication of the source material, it is vital to provide a single database containing information about authentic plant materials and their potential adulterants. The database should provide DNA barcodes for data retrieval and similarity search. In order to obtain such barcodes, several molecular methods have been applied to develop markers that aid with the authentication and identification of medicinal plant materials.

Antifungal activity of extracts from endophytic fungi associated with Smallanthus maintained in vitro as autotrophic cultures and as pot plants in the greenhouse.

The endophytic fungal assemblages associated with Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H. Rob.

Molecular analysis of genetic fidelity in Cannabis sativa L. plants grown from synthetic (encapsulated) seeds following in vitro storage.

The increasing utilization of synthetic (encapsulated) seeds for germplasm conservation and propagation necessitates the assessment of genetic stability of conserved propagules following their plantlet conversion. We have assessed the genetic stability of synthetic seeds of Cannabis sativa L. during in vitro multiplication and storage for 6 months at different growth conditions using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) DNA fingerprinting.

Optimized construction of microsatellite-enriched libraries.

The construction of microsatellite-enriched libraries is an indispensable tool to search for molecular markers as complete genome sequences are still not available for the majority of species of interest. Numerous protocols are available in the literature for the construction of these libraries; however, sometimes their low efficiency or lack of optimization in the protocols can restrict their efficacy. We have designed and tested various adapters and ligation methods; we also tested oligo-repeat combinations and hybridization temperatures, and created libraries with this new protocol for four organisms: Ipomoea batatas (L.

NMR fingerprinting for analysis of hoodia species and hoodia dietary products.

Hoodia gordonii, a succulent plant growing in African arid regions, is used as a botanical dietary supplement for weight loss. The increasing concerns on the quality and safety of Hoodia products call for the needs of more science-based information, as well as objective and efficient tools for inspection. In the present study, NMR fingerprinting and multivariate analysis techniques were applied for the identification, discrimination, and quality analysis of Hoodia plant materials and commercial products.

Molecular analyses of the Chinese herb Leigongteng (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.).

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., known as Leigongteng (Thunder God Vine) in traditional Chinese medicine, has attracted much attention for its applications in relieving autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and for treating cancer.