Population density and receipt of care for common mental disorders: a cross-sectional analysis of English household data from the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey.

Objectives: People living in less urban areas in the UK may have reduced access to mental healthcare compared with people in urban areas. Although this was not reported in the 2000 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) data, subsequent changes to mental health provision and economic recession may have impacted care inequalities. We re-examined this, hypothesising that those living in less urban areas of England received less antidepressant medication and psychological interventions, compared with those living in urban areas, after adjusting for covariates including common mental disorders (CMDs) and socioeconomic status.

Associations between common mental disorders and menopause: cross-sectional analysis of the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey.

We investigated whether women who participated in a household survey in England were more likely to screen positive for possible generalised anxiety disorder and depression during and after menopause. We used logistic regression in secondary cross-sectional analyses of 1413 participants from the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey data, adjusting for potential confounders (including age, deprivation score and chronic disease).We found that participants who were post-menopausal were more likely to screen positive for possible depression compared with participants who were pre-menopausal (3.

Association between visual impairment and psychosis: A longitudinal study and nested case-control study of adults.

Background: Theories propose that visual impairment might increase the risk of psychosis, and vice versa. We aimed to investigate the relationship between visual impairment and psychosis in the UK Biobank cohort.

Study Design: In a nested case control study of ~116,000 adults, we tested whether a Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder (SSD) diagnosis as exposure was associated with visual impairment.

Investigating the association between schizophrenia and distance visual acuity: Mendelian randomisation study.

Background: Increased rates of visual impairment are observed in people with schizophrenia.

Aims: We assessed whether genetically predicted poor distance acuity is causally associated with schizophrenia, and whether genetically predicted schizophrenia is causally associated with poorer visual acuity.

Method: We used bidirectional, two-sample Mendelian randomisation to assess the effect of poor distance acuity on schizophrenia risk, poorer visual acuity on schizophrenia risk and schizophrenia on visual acuity, in European and East Asian ancestry samples ranging from approximately 14 000 to 500 000 participants.

Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and receipt of professional diagnosis in Common Mental Disorder: Results from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014.

Background: Many people with Common Mental Disorders (CMDs), especially men, people from older age groups, and ethnic minority backgrounds, receive no treatment. Self-acknowledgement of mental illness symptoms, and a professional diagnosis are usually required to access treatment. To understand barriers, we therefore tested whether these groups were relatively less likely to self-diagnose a CMD, or to receive a professional diagnosis.

Eyes, the window on psychosis?

Much has been written on the theory that congenital blindness might protect against schizophrenia, but proof remains elusive. It has been suggested that visual ability might be associated with schizophrenia in a bell-shaped distribution, with both lifelong absent and perfect vision being protective. Alternatively, ocular aberrations and schizophrenia may share an aetiology.

Association Between Childhood Visual Acuity and Late Adolescent Psychotic Experiences: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study.

A cross-sectional association between visual impairment and psychosis exists, but longitudinal evidence from children and young people is limited. We investigated whether childhood visual acuity was associated with subsequent psychotic experiences. Our sample was 6686 individuals from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).

Associations between psychosis and visual acuity impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: Several theories propose that visual acuity impairment is associated with psychosis. Visual impairment could lead to psychosis or the converse, or they may share underlying pathology or risk factors. In the first evidence synthesis in this area for over 25 years, we collated studies measuring the association between visual acuity impairment and psychosis.

Temporal trends in psychotic symptoms: Repeated cross-sectional surveys of the population in England 2000-14.

Background: The number of antipsychotic prescriptions dispensed annually in England has increased substantially over the past decade. It is not known whether this is due to changes in prescribing practices, or an increase in the prevalence of psychosis. To our knowledge, no previous studies have investigated temporal trends in prevalence of psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations.

Common mental illness in people with sensory impairment: results from the 2014 adult psychiatric morbidity survey.

Background: People with sensory impairments may be at increased risk of depression and anxiety but experience barriers to accessing treatment.

Aims: To investigate whether people with sensory impairment have more depressive and anxiety symptoms than people without, whether this is mediated by social functioning and whether they report greater non-treatment.

Method: We analysed data from the English 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey using regression models, with the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) score as the primary outcome and self-reported hearing and vision impairment as exposures.

Psychotic symptoms and sensory impairment: Findings from the 2014 adult psychiatric morbidity survey.

Purpose: Hearing and visual impairment have been associated with psychosis. Mechanisms behind this are poorly understood. We tested whether i) self-reported hearing and visual impairments are associated with psychotic symptoms in the 2014 UK Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey; ii) the odds of having psychotic symptoms vary with self-perceived degree of impairments; and iii) reduced social functioning partially explains these associations.

Prevalence of anxiety disorders and symptoms in people with hearing impairment: a systematic review.

Purpose: Anxiety disorders are common. Prevalence is likely to be raised in people with hearing impairment, who experience higher rates of associated risk factors. We conducted, to our knowledge, the first systematic review of the prevalence and correlates of anxiety in people with hearing impairment.