Susceptibility of Primary Sensory Cortex to Spreading Depolarizations.

Unlabelled: Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are recognized as actors in neurological disorders as diverse as migraine and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Migraine aura involves sensory percepts, suggesting that sensory cortices might be intrinsically susceptible to SDs. We used optical imaging, MRI, and field potential and potassium electrode recordings in mice and electrocorticographic recordings in humans to determine the susceptibility of different brain regions to SDs.

Suppression of sex behavior by kappa opiates and stress steroids occurs via independent neuroendocrine pathways.

Endocannabinoids and their receptors are found throughout the brain of all vertebrates. By virtue of their wide distribution, endocannabinoids have the potential to affect many behaviors. Prior research has shown that cannabinoids inhibit courtship-clasping and mediate behavioral responses to stress in male rough-skinned newts, Taricha granulosa, and cannabinoid signaling is initiated by rapid actions of the steroid corticosterone (CORT) at its specific membrane receptor (mCR).

A comparison of Doppler, tissue Doppler imaging, and strain rate imaging in the assessment of postexercise left ventricular function.

Left ventricular (LV) function is characterized by contraction in the longitudinal, radial, and circumferential planes. Previous studies of postexercise changes in LV function have assessed global indices of LV function. The purpose of this study was to use 2-dimensional (2D) strain analysis to examine LV function following marathon running in the circumferential, radial, and longitudinal planes, and to compare these data with other global and regional indices of function.

Changes in respiratory muscle and lung function following marathon running in man.

Respiratory muscle fatigue has been reported following short bouts of high-intensity exercise, and prolonged, moderate-intensity exercise, as evidenced by decrements in inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures. However, links to functionally relevant outcomes such as breathing effort have been lacking. The present study examined dyspnoea and leg fatigue during a treadmill marathon in nine experienced runners.

Postexercise changes in left ventricular function: the evidence so far.

Whether prolonged exercise results in a transient depression in left ventricular (LV) function has been the focus of numerous studies since the 1960s. This review attempts to summarize the findings of this growing body of research. Understanding in this area has followed the advances in imaging techniques and specifically in echocardiographic technology.

Exercise-induced cardiac troponin T release: a meta-analysis.

Purpose: Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is a highly specific marker of myocardial damage and used clinically in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Release of cTnT has been demonstrated in several small studies after endurance exercise. The purpose of this study was to explore, using a meta-analytic approach, the incidence of postexercise cTnT release after endurance exercise.

Effect of preload augmentation on pulsed wave and tissue Doppler echocardiographic indices of diastolic function after a marathon.

Background: The mechanisms underlying alterations in left ventricular diastolic function after a marathon are unknown and may be a consequence of a reduced preload.

Objective: We sought to assess the effect of preload augmentation through passive leg elevation (PLE) on echocardiographic indices of diastolic function after a marathon.

Methods: Fourteen trained participants (13 male) were echocardiographically assessed before and after a marathon in the supine position and during PLE.

Altered left ventricular diastolic filling following a marathon is a reproducible phenomenon.

The present study examined the reproducibility of alterations in left ventricular function and cardiac biomarkers in a cohort of athletes following two marathons, one year apart. Eight participants in the 2004 and 2005 London Marathons were tested pre- and post-race via echocardiography and humoral analysis. Reductions in diastolic filling, unrelated to loading or heart rate, following both marathons were reproducible within individuals, which may be a function of exercise duration.

Impact of repeated prolonged exercise bouts on cardiac function and biomarkers.

Purpose: The present study examined the impact of repeated bouts of prolonged (< 60 min) exercise on left ventricular function and cardiac biomarkers.

Methods: Ten athletes completed a 15.3-mile hill run on three consecutive days and were assessed before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 20 h after each bout.

Corticomotor excitability contributes to neuromuscular fatigue following marathon running in man.

It is unknown whether changes in corticomotor excitability follow prolonged exercise in healthy humans. Furthermore, the role of supraspinal fatigue in decrements of force production and voluntary activation following prolonged exercise has not been established. This study investigated peripheral and central fatigue after a marathon (42.

The effects of marathon running on expression of the complement regulatory proteins CD55 (DAF) and CD59 (MACIF) on red blood cells.

Exercise is known to result in the haemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs). Although mechanical stressors such as footstrike and an increased velocity of blood flow may be involved, the biological mechanisms that underpin RBC haemolysis remain elusive. RBCs are potentially susceptible to lysis by autologous complement activation.

The impact of marathon running upon ventricular function as assessed by 2D, Doppler, and tissue-Doppler echocardiography.

The impact of prolonged exercise upon right ventricular (RV) function is poorly understood and to date no studies have utilized tissue-Doppler imaging (TDI). Thirty-five marathon runners (age range 18-50 years) volunteered for the study. Two-dimensional, pulsed Doppler, and TDI studies were performed one day before and immediately following race completion.

Left ventricular function immediately following prolonged exercise: A meta-analysis.

Purpose: Evidence supporting cardiac fatigue following prolonged endurance exercise remains equivocal. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to quantify all data fulfilling the specified inclusion criteria, examining the short-term effect of prolonged endurance exercise on left ventricular function.

Methods: A random effects meta-analysis of the weighted mean change in ejection fraction (EF), systolic blood pressure/end systolic volume (SBP/ESV) ratio, and early-to-late diastolic filling (E/A) was conducted on 23 studies using the SE of the between-subjects SD.

Novel application of flow propagation velocity and ischaemia-modified albumin in analysis of postexercise cardiac function in man.

The present study employed novel echocardiographic tools and cardiac markers to obtain a greater understanding of the aetiology and time course of altered cardiac function and cardiac damage following prolonged exercise and, in particular, the possible role of transient ischaemia within these phenomena. Fourteen runners in the 2004 London Marathon were assessed pre-, immediately post-, 1 h post- and 24 h postcompletion of the race. Left ventricular function was examined echocardiographically using 2-D, M-mode, tissue Doppler imaging and flow propagation velocity (Vp).