The effect of targeted agents on outcomes in patients with brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma treated with Gamma Knife surgery.

Object: Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) has been reported as an effective modality for treating brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The authors aimed to determine if targeted agents such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, and bevacizumab affect the patterns of failure of RCC after GKS.

Methods: Between 1999 and 2010, 61 patients with brain metastases from RCC were treated with GKS.

Direct Raman evidence for a weak continuous phase transition in liquid water.

This paper presents the Raman depolarization ratio of degassed ultrapure water as a function of temperature, in the range 303.4-314.4 K (30.