An Immunomodulatory Transcriptional Signature Associated With Persistent Infection in Hepatocytes.

causes severe foodborne illness in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. After the intestinal phase of infection, the liver plays a central role in the clearance of this pathogen through its important functions in immunity. However, recent evidence suggests that during long-term infection of hepatocytes, a subpopulation of may escape eradication by entering a persistence phase in intracellular vacuoles.

Microscopy of Intracellular Listeria monocytogenes in Epithelial Cells.

The pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular bacterium, which targets a large range of cell types. Following entry, bacteria disrupt the invasion vacuole and reach the cytoplasm where they replicate and use the actin cytoskeleton to propel themselves from cell to cell. Mammalian epithelial cells grown in vitro can be used to study the different steps of the intracellular life of Listeria.