Spatial Atlas for Mapping Vascular Microcalcification Using 18F-NaF PET/CT: Application in Hyperphosphatemic Familial Tumoral Calcinosis.

Background: Vascular calcification causes significant morbidity and occurs frequently in diseases of calcium/phosphate imbalance. Radiolabeled sodium fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography has emerged as a sensitive and specific method for detecting and quantifying active microcalcifications. We developed a novel technique to quantify and map total vasculature microcalcification to a common space, allowing simultaneous assessment of global disease burden and precise tracking of site-specific microcalcifications across time and individuals.

Optoα1AR activation in astrocytes modulates basal hippocampal synaptic excitation and inhibition in a stimulation-specific manner.

Astrocytes play active roles at synapses and can monitor, respond, and adapt to local synaptic activity. While there is abundant evidence that astrocytes modulate excitatory transmission in the hippocampus, evidence for astrocytic modulation of hippocampal synaptic inhibition remains more limited. Furthermore, to better investigate roles for astrocytes in modulating synaptic transmission, more tools that can selectively activate native G protein signaling pathways in astrocytes with both spatial and temporal precision are needed.

Cartilage Restoration for Isolated Patellar Chondral Defects: An Updated Systematic Review.

Background: Patellar chondral lesions can be particularly challenging to manage in younger and more active populations.

Purpose: To synthesize, organize, and summarize the results and complication rates of various patellar cartilage restoration techniques.

Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.

Emerging Role of F-NaF PET/Computed Tomographic Imaging in Osteoporosis: A Potential Upgrade to the Osteoporosis Toolbox.

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder that leads to a decline in bone microarchitecture, predisposing individuals to catastrophic fractures. The current standard of care relies on detecting bone structural change; however, these methods largely miss the complex biologic forces that drive these structural changes and response to treatment. This review introduces sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) as a powerful tool to quantify bone metabolism.

Effect of stimulants on final adult height.

Background: The use of stimulant medications for treatment of ADHD has raised concern as to whether they adversely impact linear growth. Previous studies have indicated that stimulant medications may suppress growth for a short period after treatment initiation; however, more information is needed to evaluate the long-term effects on final adult stature. This mini review aims to evaluate the effect of stimulant medications on final adult height in children with ADHD.

Arthroscopic Treatment of Labral Tears in Patients 65 Years and Older.

The purpose of this multicenter study was to investigate the clinical outcomes after hip arthroscopy in a series of patients 65 years and older with labral tears with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Outcome data were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed for patients 65 years and older who underwent hip arthroscopy. Outcomes at minimum 2-year follow-up were analyzed using prospectively collected Hip Outcome Score (HOS) and modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS).

Patellar Tendon Reconstruction for a Chronic Extensor Mechanism Deficit Using an Achilles Tendon Allograft With Hamstring Autograft and Suture Augmentation.

Patellar tendon ruptures are the third most common injury to the extensor mechanism. These injuries are debilitating to the patient, and delays in treatment can present a challenge to the treating surgeon. Chronic patellar tendon injuries are rare and are more difficult to manage given proximal patellar retraction, scarring, and atrophy of surrounding tissues.

Can Radiographic Joint Space Accurately Predict Chondral Damage During Hip Arthroscopy? A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Purpose: To examine how preoperative radiographic joint space correlated with intraoperative chondral damage as diagnosed during hip arthroscopy, in patients without radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis or joint space <2 mm.

Methods: Patients younger than the age of 50 years without previous hip conditions who underwent hip primary arthroscopy had their joint space and intraoperative chondral damage compared. A narrow joint space group was defined as those in the lowest decile of the average joint space.

Platelet-Rich Plasma Versus Surgery for the Management of Recalcitrant Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: To perform a systematic review of the outcomes of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections as an in-office procedure versus surgical treatment for recalcitrant greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS).

Methods: The MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched in June 2019 following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement. Clinical studies on patients with recalcitrant GTPS treated with PRP or surgery were included.

Hip Arthroscopy Successfully Treats Femoroacetabular Impingement in Adolescent Athletes.

Background: There is evidence that femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is increasingly prevalent among adolescent athletes. Abnormal contact forces across the hip and alterations in bony morphology characteristic of FAI may be especially detrimental in this group, given their young age and active lifestyle.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report the findings, outcomes, and return to sport percentage among adolescent athletes with FAI treated with hip arthroscopy.

Outcomes of Nonoperative Management, Iliopsoas Tenotomy, and Revision Arthroplasty for Iliopsoas Impingement after Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review.

Background: Nonoperative and operative management of iliopsoas impingement (IPI) is commonly performed following total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of this systematic review is to compare patient-reported outcomes (PROs) following conservative treatment, iliopsoas (IP) tenotomy, and revision arthroplasty in patients presenting with IPI after THA.

Methods: The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for articles regarding IPI following THA.

The Modified Resisted Internal Rotation Test for Detection of Gluteal Tendon Tears.

Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) has received increasing attention in recent years. Most patients with GTPS present with trochanteric bursitis and respond to nonoperative treatment. However, a subset of patients may have persistent lateral hip pain or recalcitrant GTPS resulting from an undiagnosed gluteal tendon tear.

Differential impacts on multiple forms of spatial and contextual memory in diazepam binding inhibitor knockout mice.

Learning and memory are fundamental processes that are disrupted in many neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. The hippocampus plays an integral role in these functions, and modulation of synaptic transmission mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type-A receptors (GABA Rs) impacts hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. The protein diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) differentially modulates GABA Rs in various brain regions, including hippocampus, and changes in DBI levels may be linked to altered learning and memory.