Combination of 3--Levulinoyl and 6--Trifluorobenzoyl Groups Ensures α-Selectivity in Glucosylations: Synthesis of the Oligosaccharides Related to α-(1 → 3)-d-Glucan.

Stereospecific α-glucosylation of primary and secondary OH-group at carbohydrate acceptors is achieved using glucosyl -phenyl-trifluoroacetimidate (PTFAI) donor protected with an electron-withdrawing 2,4,5-trifluorobenzoyl (TFB) group at O-6 and the participating levulinoyl (Lev) group at O-3. New factors have been revealed that might explain α-stereoselectivity in the case of TFB and pentafluorobenzoyl (PFB) groups at O-6. They are of conformational nature and confirmed by DFT calculations.

Tuftsin-phosphorylcholine attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which carries a significant burden of morbidity and mortality. Herein we examine the effects of acute treatment with tuftsin-phosphorylcholine (TPC), a novel immune-modulating helminth derived compound, on a murine model of MS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice received acute treatment with TPC showed an improved clinical score and significantly less signs of inflammation and demyelination in CNS tissue compared with vehicle treated EAE mice.

C-fos gene expression induced in cells in specific hypothalamic structures by noxious mechanical stimulation and its [correction of it's] modification by exposure of the skin to extremely high frequency irradiation.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine: 1) The spatial pattern of c-fos gene expression in rat hypothalamic neurons after exposure to NMS and 2) The expression of c-fos gene after combined exposure to NMS and EHF irradiation of the rat skin.

Methods: The experiments were performed on 28 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats. After rats were subjected to noxious mechanical stimulation (NMS) or its combination with EHF irradiation of the skin, cells in various hypothalamic structures were analyzed to determine theirs effects on c-fos gene expression, an accepted marker of the activation of neurons.