Subacute Thyroiditis Complicating COVID-19 Infection.

Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is a self-limited inflammatory disease and a rare cause of thyrotoxicosis. Although the exact etiology of SAT is not sufficiently understood, it is generally associated to viral infections. Current evidence highlights that SAT may be a potentially uncommon manifestation of ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection or a post-viral complication of the disease.

Physical Performance and Non-Esterified Fatty Acids in Men and Women after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI).

Background: Men and women with valvular heart disease have different risk profiles for clinical endpoints. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are possibly involved in cardio-metabolic disease. However, it is unclear whether NEFA concentrations are associated with physical performance in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and whether there are sex-specific effects.

Insulin Directly Regulates the Circadian Clock in Adipose Tissue.

Adipose tissue (AT) is a key metabolic organ which functions are rhythmically regulated by an endogenous circadian clock. Feeding is a "zeitgeber" aligning the clock in AT with the external time, but mechanisms of this regulation remain largely unclear. We tested the hypothesis that postprandial changes of the hormone insulin directly entrain circadian clocks in AT and investigated a transcriptional-dependent mechanism of this regulation.

Hepatic Wnt1 Inducible Signaling Pathway Protein 1 (WISP-1/CCN4) Associates with Markers of Liver Fibrosis in Severe Obesity.

Liver fibrosis is a critical complication of obesity-induced fatty liver disease. Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1/CCN4), a novel adipokine associated with visceral obesity and insulin resistance, also contributes to lung and kidney fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of CCN4 in liver fibrosis in severe obesity.

Intra-individual reproducibility of galectin-1, haptoglobin, and nesfatin-1 as promising new biomarkers of immunometabolism.

Background: Galectin-1, haptoglobin, and nesfatin-1 have recently emerged as promising biomarkers implicated in immunometabolism. However, whether single blood measurements of these analytes could be suitable for large-scale human studies has not yet been evaluated.

Methods: The concentrations of galectin-1, haptoglobin, and nesfatin-1 were measured over a 4-month period in 207 healthy adults with median age of 56.

Saliva Samples as A Tool to Study the Effect of Meal Timing on Metabolic And Inflammatory Biomarkers.

Meal timing affects metabolic regulation in humans. Most studies use blood samples for their investigations. Saliva, although easily available and non-invasive, seems to be rarely used for chrononutritional studies.

Effects of diets high in animal or plant protein on oxidative stress in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial.

High-protein diet is a promising strategy for diabetes treatment supporting body weight control, improving glycaemic status, cardiovascular risk factors and reducing liver fat. Here, we investigated effects of diets high in animal (AP) or plant (PP) protein on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). 37 obese individuals (age 64.

Endogenously released GIP reduces and GLP-1 increases hepatic insulin extraction.

GIP was proposed to play a key role in the development of non- alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in response to sugar intake. Isomaltulose, is a 1,6-linked glucose-fructose dimer which improves glucose homeostasis and prevents NAFLD compared to 1,2-linked sucrose by reducing glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) in mice. We compared effects of sucrose vs.

Circulating Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 (WISP-1/CCN4) is a novel biomarker of adiposity in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1, or cellular communication network factor 4 (CCN4), a member of CCN family of secreted, extracellular matrix associated signaling proteins, recently was validated as a novel adipose tissue derived cytokine.

Objective: To assess the relationships between circulating CCN4, adipose tissue distribution and function, and chronic low-grade inflammation in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: We observed 156 patients with type 2 diabetes and 24 healthy controls.

Shotgun Lipidomics Discovered Diurnal Regulation of Lipid Metabolism Linked to Insulin Sensitivity in Nondiabetic Men.

Context: Meal timing affects metabolic homeostasis and body weight, but how composition and timing of meals affect plasma lipidomics in humans is not well studied.

Objective: We used high throughput shotgun plasma lipidomics to investigate effects of timing of carbohydrate and fat intake on lipid metabolism and its relation to glycemic control.

Design: 29 nondiabetic men consumed (1) a high-carb test meal (MTT-HC) at 09.

Reproducibility of novel immune-inflammatory biomarkers over 4 months: an analysis with repeated measures design.

Assessment of the feasibility and reliability of immune-inflammatory biomarker measurements. The following biomarkers were assessed in 207 predominantly healthy participants at baseline and after 4 months: MMF, TGF-β, suPAR and clusterin. Intraclass correlation coefficients (95% CIs) ranged from good for TGF-β (0.

Effects of plant and animal high protein diets on immune-inflammatory biomarkers: A 6-week intervention trial.

Background & Aims: Pro-inflammatory biomarkers are well-established contributors to insulin resistance and represent valid targets for diabetes management and prevention. Yet, little is known whether nutrition could play a role in modulating various aspects of immune-inflammatory responses. Our aim is to assess the effect of isocaloric animal and plant protein dietary interventions on selected biomarkers representing various immune-inflammatory pathways.

Diurnal distribution of carbohydrates and fat affects substrate oxidation and adipokine secretion in humans.

Background: A diet in which fat is mainly eaten in the morning and carbohydrates mainly in the evening (compared with the reverse order) was recently shown to worsen glycemic control in people with prediabetes.

Objective: We investigated the effects of these dietary patterns on energy metabolism, and on the daily profiles of circulating lipids, adipokines, and inflammatory markers.

Design: In a randomized controlled crossover trial, 29 nonobese men (with normal glucose tolerance, n = 18; or impaired fasting glucose/glucose tolerance, n = 11) underwent 2 isocaloric 4-wk diets: 1) carbohydrate-rich meals until 1330 and fat-rich meals between 1630 and 2200 (HC/HF); or 2) the inverse sequence of meals (HF/HC).

Rate of appearance of amino acids after a meal regulates insulin and glucagon secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial.

Background: Meal composition regulates the postprandial response of pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones and plays an important role in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Proteins have glucagon and insulinotropic effects, which may differ depending on amino acid composition, form of intake, and rate of digestibility and absorption.

Objective: The aim of this study was to test effects of isolated pea protein-based (PP) compared with casein protein-based (CP) meals differing in amino acid compositions on endocrine responses to meal tolerance tests (MTTs) in patients with T2D.

The novel adipokine WISP1 associates with insulin resistance and impairs insulin action in human myotubes and mouse hepatocytes.

Aims/hypothesis: Wingless-type (Wnt) inducible signalling pathway protein-1 (WISP1) has been recently identified as a proinflammatory adipokine. We examined whether WISP1 expression and circulating levels are altered in type 2 diabetes and whether WISP1 affects insulin signalling in muscle cells and hepatocytes.

Methods: Serum and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) biopsies, for analysis of circulating WISP1 levels by ELISA and WISP1 mRNA expression by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, were collected from normal-weight men (control group, n = 33) and obese men with (n = 46) and without type 2 diabetes (n = 56) undergoing surgery.

Effects of supplemented isoenergetic diets varying in cereal fiber and protein content on the bile acid metabolic signature and relation to insulin resistance.

Bile acids (BA) are potent metabolic regulators influenced by diet. We studied effects of isoenergetic increases in the dietary protein and cereal-fiber contents on circulating BA and insulin resistance (IR) in overweight and obese adults. Randomized controlled nutritional intervention (18 weeks) in 72 non-diabetic participants (overweight/obese: 29/43) with at least one further metabolic risk factor.

Assessment of circulating Wnt1 inducible signalling pathway protein 1 (WISP-1)/CCN4 as a novel biomarker of obesity.

WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP-1/CCN4) is a novel adipokine, which is upregulated in obesity, and induces a pro-inflammatory response in macrophages in-vitro. Preclinical observations suggested WISP-1/CCN4 as a potential candidate for novel obesity therapy targeting adipose tissue inflammation. Whether circulating levels of WISP-1/CCN4 in humans are altered in obesity and/or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and in the postprandial state, however, is unknown.

ANGPTL8 (Betatrophin) is Expressed in Visceral Adipose Tissue and Relates to Human Hepatic Steatosis in Two Independent Clinical Collectives.

Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8)/betatrophin expression in visceral adipose tissue and associations with circulating fatty acid profile have not yet been investigated.Forty subjects were included in a cross-sectional study, 57 in a dietary weight reduction intervention. Circulating Angiopoietin-like protein 8/betatrophin was measured in all subjects.

The effect of diurnal distribution of carbohydrates and fat on glycaemic control in humans: a randomized controlled trial.

Diurnal carbohydrate and fat distribution modulates glycaemic control in rodents. In humans, the optimal timing of both macronutrients and its effects on glycaemic control after prolonged consumption are not studied in detail. In this cross-over trial, 29 non-obese men were randomized to two four-week diets: (1) carbohydrate-rich meals until 13.

Comparison of the effects of diets high in animal or plant protein on metabolic and cardiovascular markers in type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial.

Aim: To compare high animal protein (AP) with high plant protein (PP) diets, differing in amino acid composition, in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Materials And Methods: We compared isocaloric diets containing 30% of energy either as AP or PP, using newly developed PP-enriched foods, both combined with 30% energy as fat and 40% as carbohydrates in 44 patients with T2DM over 6 weeks in a randomized parallel-group study. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps and cardiovascular variables were measured.

Isocaloric Diets High in Animal or Plant Protein Reduce Liver Fat and Inflammation in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes.

Background & Aims: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with increased risk of hepatic, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. High-protein diets, rich in methionine and branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), apparently reduce liver fat, but can induce insulin resistance. We investigated the effects of diets high in animal protein (AP) vs plant protein (PP), which differ in levels of methionine and BCAAs, in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD.

Insulin-degrading enzyme: new therapeutic target for diabetes and Alzheimer's disease?

Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a major enzyme responsible for insulin degradation. In addition to insulin, IDE degrades many targets including glucagon, atrial natriuretic peptide, and beta-amyloid peptide, regulates proteasomal degradation and other cell functions. IDE represents a pathophysiological link between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Modulation of circulating vasoactive peptides and extracellular matrix proteins are two novel mechanisms in the cardioprotective action of acarbose.

Background: Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, unexpectedly reduced the incidence of hypertension and cardiovascular endpoints in the STOP-NIDDM study. Based on the growing evidence of a link between vasoregulatory peptides and metabolic traits, we hypothesized that changes of the Glycemic Index by acarbose may modulate vasoregulatory peptide levels via regulation of postprandial metabolism.

Methods: Subjects with type 2 diabetes and with metabolic syndrome were treated with acarbose (12 weeks, 300mg/d) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention.

Diabetes prevalence in NZO females depends on estrogen action on liver fat content.

In humans and rodents, risk of metabolic syndrome is sexually dimorphic, with an increased incidence in males. Additionally, the protective role of female gonadal hormones is ostensible, as prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases after menopause. Here, we investigated the influence of estrogen (E2) on the onset of T2DM in female New Zealand obese (NZO) mice.