Effects of caudal epidural ketamine and/or lidocaine on heifers during reproductive procedures: a preliminary study.

Six 20-24-month-old heifers received ketamine (KE), 2% lidocaine (Li), or ketamine and 2% lidocaine (KELI) into the first intercoccygeal (Co(1)-Co(2)) epidural space while standing. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean), respiratory rate, rectal temperature, analgesia, sedation, and ataxia were determined before treatment and at predetermined intervals. Subjective scoring was used to assess pain and discomfort in reproductive manipulations.