Structure, Distribution, Regulation, and Function of Splice Variant Isoforms of Nitric Oxide Synthase Family in the Nervous System.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small molecule produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with various physio-pathological functions in the body. There are three main NOS isoforms, including the endothelial (eNOS), inducible (iNOS), and neuronal NOS (nNOS), that exist in the peripheral organs and nervous systems of humans and rodents. Moreover, NOS includes other identified NOS isoforms, such as retinal Muller glial cells (mNOS), mitochondrial (mtNOS), penile (PnNOS), testis-specific (TnNOS), and invertebrate Drosophila NOS (dNOS), which are the lesser-known types.

The effects of a chalcone derivative on memory, hippocampal corticosterone and BDNF levels in adult rats.

: Since chalcones belong to the flavonoid family, the effects of a new synthetic chalcone derivative on memory, chronic stress, and expression of hippocampal BDNF gene were studied.: In this experiment, the male wistar rats were placed under restraint stress (6 h/day) for 21 days and then treated with a newly synthesized chalcone, containing methoxy on the aromatic rings or vehicles (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, IP). After the behavioral Passive avoidance, Open field, and Morris water maze tests, the levels of serum corticosterone (CORT) and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were analyzed.

Stem Cell Differentiation into Cardiomyocytes: Current Methods and Emerging Approaches.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are globally known to be important causes of mortality and disabilities. Common treatment strategies for CVDs, such as pharmacological therapeutics impose serious challenges due to the failure of treatments for myocardial necrosis. By contrast, stem cells (SCs) based therapies are seen to be promising approaches to CVDs treatment.

Brain is modulated by neuronal plasticity during postnatal development.

Neuroplasticity is referred to the ability of the nervous system to change its structure or functions as a result of former stimuli. It is a plausible mechanism underlying a dynamic brain through adaptation processes of neural structure and activity patterns. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how the plastic neural systems achieve and maintain their equilibrium.

Overview of COVID-19 and neurological complications.

The sudden and storming onset of coronavirus 2 infection (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) was associated by severe acute respiratory syndrome. Recently, corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19) has appeared as a pandemic throughout the world. The mutational nature of the virus, along with the different means of entering and spreading throughout the body has involved different organs.

Neurophysiologic implications of neuronal nitric oxide synthase.

The molecular and chemical properties of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) have made it a key mediator in many physiological functions and signaling transduction. The NOS monomer is inactive, but the dimer form is active. There are three forms of NOS, which are neuronal (nNOS), inducible (iNOS), and endothelial (eNOS) nitric oxide synthase.

Stress biomarker responses to different protocols of forced exercise in chronically stressed rats.

Stress is one of the most significant causes of major health problems on a global scale. The beneficial effects of exercise on combating stress, however, are well-established. The present study investigated the stress biomarker responses, such as serum corticosterone, interlukin-1β, and glucose levels, to different (preventive, therapeutic, protective, and continuous) protocols of forced exercise under stress.

The Effect of Preventive, Therapeutic and Protective Exercises on Hippocampal Memory Mediators in Stressed Rats.

Background: Exercise plays a significant role in learning and memory. The present study focuses on the hippocampal corticosterone (CORT), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), glucose, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in preventive, therapeutic, and protective exercises in stressful conditions.

Methods: Forty male rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group and the preventive, therapeutic, and protective exercise groups.

The effects of NBM- lesion on synaptic plasticity in rats.

The nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) is a major source of cholinergic projections to the neocortex that is vulnerable to degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Despite numerous anatomical, pharmacological, behavioral, and physiological investigations of NBM, there is no in vivo study of its effects on short- or long-term synaptic plasticity. Hence, this study was devoted to the assessment of the effects of bilateral lesion of the NBM on synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus using electrophysiological techniques.

Effect of exercise, exercise withdrawal, and continued regular exercise on excitability and long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus.

Exercise mediates beneficial effects on the brain function and neural health, particularly in the hippocampus as the main area of memory. The hippocampus is a structure involved in exercise, which can improve synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation (LTP). The present study investigated the effect of exercise, exercise withdrawal, and continued regular exercise on excitability and long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus.

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field sensitizes cisplatin-resistant human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells via P53 activation.

In the following study, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (EL-EMF) radiation was used to restore sensitivity in the cisplatin-resistant A2780 ovarian cancer cells. For this purpose A2780 cells were treated with different doses of cisplatin and EL-EMF (50 Hz, 200 gauss, and 2 h) alone. Cytotoxicity was the measurement using MTT assay.

Effect of forced exercise and exercise withdrawal on memory, serum and hippocampal corticosterone levels in rats.

Evidence suggests that there are positive effects of exercise on learning and memory. Moreover, some studies have demonstrated that forced exercise plays the role of a stressor. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of different timing of exercise and exercise withdrawal on memory, and serum and hippocampal corticosterone (CORT) levels.

Preventive and therapeutic effect of treadmill running on chronic stress-induced memory deficit in rats.

Previous results indicated that stress impairs learning and memory. In this research, the effects of preventive, therapeutic and regular continually running activity on chronic stress-induced memory deficit in rats were investigated. 70 male rats were randomly divided into seven groups as follows: Control, Sham, Stress-Rest, Rest-Stress, Stress-Exercise, Exercise-Stress and Exercise-Stress & Exercise groups.

Effects of different timing of stress on corticosterone, BDNF and memory in male rats.

Learning and memory seem to be affected by chronic stress. Previous reports have considered chronic stress as a precipitating factor of different neuropsychological disorders, while others reported neurobiological adaptations following stress. The present study investigated the effects of chronic stress before, after, and during learning on the changes of learning and memory, on serum and hippocampal levels of corticosterone (CORT), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and body weight in rats.

Cholestasis progression effects on long-term memory in bile duct ligation rats.

Background: There is evidence that cognitive functions are affected by some liver diseases such as cholestasis. Bile duct ligation induces cholestasis as a result of impaired liver function and cognition. This research investigates the effect of cholestasis progression on memory function in bile duct ligation rats.

An Arbitrary Waveform Wearable Neuro-stimulator System for Neurophysiology Research on Freely Behaving Animals.

Portable wireless neuro-stimulators have been developed to facilitate long-term cognitive and behavioral studies on the central nervous system in freely moving animals. These stimulators can provide precisely controllable input(s) to the nervous system, without distracting the animal attention with cables connected to its body. In this study, a low power backpack neuro-stimulator was developed for animal brain researches that can provides arbitrary stimulus waveforms for the stimulation, while it is small and light weight to be used for small animals including rats.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Achillea biebersteinii flower extract and its anti-angiogenic properties in the rat aortic ring model.

Silver nanoparticles display unique physical and biological properties which have attracted intensive research interest because of their important medical applications. In this study silver nanoparticles (Ab.Ag-NPs) were synthesized for biomedical applications using a completely green biosynthetic method using Achillea biebersteinii flowers extract.

Effects of cholestasis on learning and locomotor activity in bile duct ligated rats.

Background: Cognitive functions are impaired in patients with liver disease. Bile duct ligation causes cholestasis that impairs liver function. This study investigated the impact of cholestasis progression on the acquisition and retention times in the passive avoidance test and on the locomotor activity of rats.

Effect of electrical stimulation of nucleus accumbens with low, median and high currents intensities on conditioned place preference induced by morphine in rats.

Background: Some investigators indicated the effect of electrical or chemical stimulation on different parts of the brain and its effect on animal's behaviors. Furthermore, drug addiction is known to be associated with dysfunction of memory and motivational systems. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of electrical stimulation of nucleus accumbens (NAc) with different currents intensities on conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by morphine.

Novel effects of Rosa damascena extract on memory and neurogenesis in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

The number of older people who are suffering from memory impairment is increasing among populations throughout the world. Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects about 5% of people over 65 years old. The hippocampus, a brain area critical for learning and memory, is especially vulnerable to damage in the early stages of AD.

The effect of treadmill running on memory before and after the NBM-lesion in rats.

Some studies have shown the effects of exercise training in retarding onset and progression of memory deficit in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. In this research, we investigated the effect of treadmill running on memory function; before, after, and continually (before and after) the nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions. 66 male rats were randomly divided into six groups, including control, sham operation, the NBM-lesion, exercise before the NBM-lesion, exercise after the NBM-lesion, and exercise before and after the NBM-lesion.

Effects of CA1 glutamatergic systems upon memory impairments in cholestatic rats.

Background: Bile duct ligation (BDL) is shown to induce cholestasis-related liver function impairments as well as consequent cognitive dysfunctions (i.e. impaired learning and memory formation).

The Effect of Synchronized Forced Running with Chronic Stress on Short, Mid and Long- term Memory in Rats.

Purpose: Impairment of learning and memory processes has been demonstrated by many studies using different stressors. Other reports suggested that exercise has a powerful behavioral intervention to improve cognitive function and brain health. In this research, we investigated protective effects of treadmill running on chronic stress-induced memory deficit in rats.

The effect of synchronized running activity with chronic stress on passive avoidance learning and body weight in rats.

Background: Different stressors induce learning and memory impairment and physical activity influence learning and memory enhancement. In this research, we investigated the effect of synchronized running activity with stress on acquisition and retention time of passive avoidance test.

Methods: MALE WISTAR RATS WERE RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO FIVE GROUPS AS FOLLOWS: Control (Co), Sham (Sh), Exercise (Ex), Stress (St), synchronized exercise with stress (St and Ex) groups.