Unveiling the impact of antibiotic stress on biofilm formation and expression of toxin-antitoxin system genes in Clostridium difficile clinical isolates.

Objectives: The study investigates how antibiotics affect biofilm formation and toxin gene expression in Clostridium difficile, which is essential for its survival and persistence.

Methods: The study confirmed 25 strains of C. difficile and assessed biofilm formation.

Pore formation and the key factors in antibacterial activity of aurein 1.2 and LLAA inside lipid bilayers, a molecular dynamics study.

Aurein 1.2 and LLAA are two antimicrobial peptides with different antibacterial activities (LLAA>Aurein 1.2), though their amino acid sequences are similar.

Interaction of aurein 1.2 and its analogue with DPPC lipid bilayer.

Antibacterial peptides have potential as novel therapeutic agents for bacterial infections. Aurein 1.2 is one of the smallest antibacterial peptides extracted from an anuran.