Comparison of the analgesic effect of intra-articular and extra-articular injection of morphine and ketamine compound in arthrotomy lower limb surgery under spinal anesthesia.

Objective: One of the critical components in the postoperative care is pain. Given that little research has been done regarding the analgesic effects of intra-articular injection of ketamine, this study was aimed to compare the analgesic effect of intra-articular and extra-articular injection of morphine and ketamine compound in arthrotomy surgery under spinal anesthesia.

Methods: A total of 50 patients were candidate for arthrotomy surgery, aged 18-60 years were divided randomly into two groups.

Assessment of prophylactic bone grafting effect on union of open tibial fracture.

Objective: The fracture of the tibial shaft is the most common fracture of long bone in human. Considerable proportion of this fractures are open fractures. Treatment of open fractures is one of the orthopedic problems.