CDKN2A-p16 Deletion and Activated KRAS Drive Barrett's-Like Gland Hyperplasia-Metaplasia and Synergize in the Development of Dysplasia Precancer Lesions.

Background & Aims: Barrett's esophagus is the precursor of esophageal dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma. CDKN2A-p16 deletions were reported in 34%-74% of patients with Barrett's esophagus who progressed to dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma, suggesting that p16 loss may drive neoplastic progression. KRAS activation frequently occurs in esophageal adenocarcinoma and precancer lesions.

The essential role of arterial pulse in venous return.

The close proximity of arteries and veins is a well-known anatomical finding documented in the extremities of all vertebrates. However, the physiological consequences of this arrangement are rarely given proper consideration nor are they covered in the textbook list of mechanisms that aid blood flow. We hypothesized that arterial pressure pulsations can significantly increase blood flow in the adjacent valve-containing vein segments.