The impact of widowhood on mental health: anxiety, depression, and stress among widowed women in Nepal.

Introduction: In South Asia, particularly in regions with strong patriarchal norms, widowhood is stigmatized, compounding the negative impact of grief and partner loss. This study measured the prevalence of mental health symptoms among widows in Nepal and its relationship to demographic variables.

Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed 588 Nepalese widows from six districts in Nepal (mean age = 52.

Self-Efficacy in Nepali Adults With Musculoskeletal Pain: Measurement Properties of Hard-Copy and Online Versions of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.

The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is commonly used in pain self-efficacy research. Yet its Nepali translation is unavailable, limiting the ability to conduct cross-cultural research on the role of self-efficacy in musculoskeletal pain and its management. This study aimed to 1) translate and culturally adapt the 10-item (PSEQ-10) and 2-item (PSEQ-2) versions of the PSEQ into Nepali, 2) evaluate their measurement properties in Nepali adults with musculoskeletal pain, and 3) evaluate whether the type of administration (ie, hard-copy vs online) affected their measurement properties.