Gender dependent cervical spine anatomical differences in size-matched volunteers - biomed 2009.

The objective was to examine significant differences in the bony structure of cervical spine vertebrae based on gender and spinal level that may influence injury risk in women following automotive rear impact. Male and female subjects were recruited for a separate study and data from two subsets were selected for inclusion in this study. Subjects were size-matched based on sitting height (17 males, 11 females) and head circumference (9 males, 18 females).

Normal coupling behavior between axial rotation and lateral bending in the lumbar spine - biomed 2009.

Lumbar spine kinematics, a three-dimensional phenomenon, involves motion about a primary axis coupled with motions about secondary axes induced by posture and intervertebral joint structure. Due to the role of coupling in normal spinal mechanics, abnormal coupling magnitude and quality may indicate clinical instability. Although lumbar coupling was previously investigated, a definitive coupling relationship between axial rotation and lateral bending was not established.