Exploring pharmacological interventions in benign prostate hyperplasia: the role of cost-effectiveness analysis in daily practice and future directions.

Introduction: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) significantly impacts men's health and quality of life, with its prevalence rising with age. This review critically examines the cost-effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for BPH to optimize patient outcomes and healthcare resource utilization.

Areas Covered: This review explores the integration of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) into clinical practice, balancing clinical efficacy with economic efficiency in BPH management.

Effectiveness of N95 Mask in Preventing COVID-19 Transmission.

N95 mask has emerged as a potential measure to mitigate the airborne transmission of respiratory disease such as COVID-19. Herein, we experimentally investigated the impact and interaction of pure water droplets as surrogate to respiratory droplets with the different layers of a commercially available N95 mask to demonstrate the penetration and passage-capability of respiratory fluids through the different layers. The penetration of an impacting droplet through the mask layers was characterized by elucidating the ejection of secondary droplets from the rear-side surface of the target mask material.

Investigating the therapeutic options for diabetes-associated male infertility as illustrated in animal experimental models.

Diabetes is a rising global health concern and an increasingly common cause of male infertility. Although the definitive pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning the association between diabetes and infertility is unclear, there are several animal studies showing diabetes to be a detrimental factor on reproductive health through apoptosis, oxidative stress and impairment of steroidogenesis. Furthermore, as reflected in animal models, antidiabetic strategies and relevant treatments are beneficial in the management of infertile men with diabetes as the recovery of euglycemic status affects positively the spermatogenesis.

Incidental testicular masses and the role of organ-sparing approach.

Objectives: The widespread use of ultrasonography for the investigation of common urological conditions, such as infertility or pain, has resulted in an increased incidence of incidental non-palpable testicular masses. The majority of these are expected to be benign therefore a conservative approach, either active monitoring or organsparing approach, is recommended. However, there are no clinical or radiological parameters which define the exact nature of such lesions and optimal patient selection criteria are lacking.

The usefulness of elastography in the evaluation and management of adult men with varicocele: A systematic review.

Objective: To review the role of elastography in the evaluation and decision-making of adult, infertile men with varicocele.

Methods: A systematic search using the terms (Elastography) AND (Varicocele), (Stiffness) AND (Varicocele), (Elastography) AND (Male infertility) was performed in Pubmed/Medline. Studies reporting a) elastographic characteristics in varicocele-bearing comparing to normal testicles, and b) the correlation of elastography with varicocele grading, parameters of spermatogenesis, and outcomes of varicocele treatment were selected.

Prevention of Firearm Injury through Policy and Law: The Social Ecological Model.

Rates of firearm injury and mortality are far higher in the United States compared to other high-income nations. Patterns of firearm injury have complex causal pathways; different social contexts may be differentially affected by firearm legislation. In the context of the diversity of social, political, and legal approaches at the state level, we suggest the application of the social ecological model as a conceptual public health framework to guide future policy interventions in the U.

Finding a new pathway for acid-induced nitrite reduction reaction: formation of nitric oxide with hydrogen peroxide.

Here, we report a new pathway for nitrite reduction chemistry, formation of cobalt-nitrosyl ({Co-NO}) with HO in the reaction of a Co-nitrito complex with a one-fold acid (H) via the formation of a Co-nitrous acid intermediate ({Co-ONOH}). Mechanistic investigations using N-labeled-NO revealed that the N-atom in the {Co-NO} complex is derived from the nitrito ligand, and HO came from the homolysis of the ON-OH moiety. Spectral evidence supporting the formation of the Co-ONOH intermediate and the generation of HO is also presented.

Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Moreton Bay, South-East Queensland, Australia: applications in monitoring water and substrate quality in subtropical estuarine environments.

We assess species composition, assemblage structure and distribution of the benthic foraminiferal assemblages from diverse substrates in Moreton Bay, South-East Queensland, Australia. Analysis of 47 surface sediment samples revealed 69 species, three distinct foraminiferal assemblages and six sub-assemblages. The assemblages from the western Bay are characterized by stress tolerant taxa and the lowest diversity, whereas the assemblages from the eastern Bay are characterized by symbiont-bearing taxa and high diversity.

Cervical electromyogram profile differences between patients of neck pain and control.

Study Design: A comparative analysis of electromyogram (EMG) signals of patients of cervical pain and normal controls.

Objectives: To determine the differences between frequency and time domain parameters of EMG signals of patients of cervical pain and normal controls.

Summary Of Background Data: No diagnostic technique has emerged as a satisfactory tool for identification of spinal pain.

Measures of localized spinal muscle fatigue.

The objective of this study was to determine the best variable, if any, to indicate the level of localized muscle fatigue. Six male and six female subjects were studied while they exerted their maximal voluntary contraction and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction of spinal extensors in an isometric lifting activity. The electromyography (EMG) of erectores spinae at thoracic and lumbar levels was measured bilaterally.

Torque and EMG in rotation extension of the torso from pre-rotated and flexed postures.

Background: Back injury is a common place in our society. Up to two-thirds of back injuries have been associated with trunk rotation. However, the torque production ability with a rotated spine and electromyographic activity of trunk muscles in such efforts is poorly understood.

Low back problems and possible improvements in nursing jobs.

Aim: This paper reports a study that aimed to evaluate the workload, to identify problems leading to the higher incidence rate of work-related low back injury among nurses in the orthopaedic and intensive care unit departments of the hospital, and to gather information about improvements that the nurses would like in the workplace.

Background: The literature shows that low back injuries are common among nurses, and intervention programmes are needed to address this problem.

Method: The hospital injury records were examined in a retrospective study.

Analysis of right anterolateral impacts: the effect of trunk flexion on the cervical muscle whiplash response.

Background: The cervical muscles are considered a potential site of whiplash injury, and there is a need to understand the cervical muscle response under non-conventional whiplash impact scenarios, including variable body position and impact direction. There is no data, however, on the effect of occupant position on the muscle response to frontal impacts. Therefore, the objective of the study was to measure cervical muscle response to graded right anterolateral impacts.

An observational electromyography study of the effect of trunk flexion in low-velocity frontal whiplash-type impacts.

Objective: To examine the effect of forward and lateral trunk flexion on the cervical electromyogram and head kinematic response to whiplash-type frontal impacts.

Design: Observational study of sled impacts.

Setting: Laboratory.

The effect of seat belt use on the cervical electromyogram response to whiplash-type impacts.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a standard 3-point lap-and-shoulder seat belt and car seat on the electromyogram (EMG) response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity impacts in comparison with that of a rigid seat and 5-point restraint.

Methods: Seventeen healthy volunteers were subjected to rear, frontal, right and left lateral and bilateral anterolateral, and posterolateral impacts with an acceleration varying from 4.4 to 16.

The effect of a 3-point harness restraint and car seat in whiplash-type lateral impacts.

Study Design: Seventeen healthy volunteers were subjected to right and left lateral impacts 5.0, 6.8, 9.

Cervical muscle response to head rotation in whiplash-type right lateral impacts.

Objective: To determine the electromyogram (EMG) response of the cervical muscles to a right lateral impact whiplash-type perturbation when the head is rotated.

Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers were subjected to right lateral impacts of 4.2, 8.

The effect of trunk flexion in healthy volunteers in rear whiplash-type impacts.

Study Design: Twenty young, healthy volunteers in a laboratory were subjected to rear-end impacts 4.4, 7.9, 10.

Cervical muscle response to trunk flexion in whiplash-type lateral impacts.

The purpose of this study was to determine the response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity, whiplash-type lateral impacts when the occupant is seated out of the recommended driving position (neutral posture). Twenty healthy volunteers were subjected to left lateral impacts of 4.1, 7.

Kinematic and electromyographic response to whiplash-type impacts. Effects of head rotation and trunk flexion: summary of research.

Despite the fact that whiplash patients often report they had their head rotated or were in a twisted posture at the time of impact, the effect of these postures on the cervical muscle response to impact remains uninvestigated in impact studies. Prior impact studies have positioned the volunteers in the recommended driving position, for example, with head and trunk in a neutral posture. Using an approach of sled impacts with volunteers in very-low velocity impacts to describe the head kinematics and cervical muscle electromyography in response has provided a wealth of data.

Analysis of right anterolateral impacts: the effect of head rotation on the cervical muscle whiplash response.

Background: The cervical muscles are considered a potential site of whiplash injury, and there are many impact scenarios for whiplash injury. There is a need to understand the cervical muscle response under non-conventional whiplash impact scenarios, including variable head position and impact direction.

Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers underwent right anterolateral impacts of 4.

Effect of trunk flexion on cervical muscle EMG to rear impacts.

Objective: To determine the effect of occupant positioning on the response of the cervical muscles to whiplash-type posterolateral impacts.

Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers underwent left posterolateral whiplash-type impacts with the volunteers seated "out-of-position". Electromyograms of the cervical muscles were recorded.

Effect of trunk flexion on the occupant neck response to anterolateral whiplash impacts.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity anterolateral impacts with the volunteer's trunk flexed to the right and left.

Methods: A total of 20 healthy volunteers were subjected to left anterolateral impacts of 4.0, 7.

Looking away from whiplash: effect of head rotation in rear impacts.

Study Design: Twenty healthy volunteers in a laboratory were subjected to rear-end impacts 4.4, 7.9, 10.

Effect of head rotation in whiplash-type rear impacts.

Background Context: Knowledge is increasing about the electromyographic and kinematic response of the neck muscles to rear impact, and also recent information is available on the effect of a rear impact offset to the left (posterolateral). The effect of head rotation, however, at the time of rear impact is not known.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of head rotation to the left and right on the cervical muscle response to increasing low-velocity posterolateral impacts.