A sophisticated design of copper core to converge rotating eddy current control for detecting cracks in conductive materials.

Eddy current (EC) testing has been selected as a standard candidate for detecting defects in conductive materials in the past few decades. Nevertheless, inventing EC probes capable of detecting minor defects has always been challenging for researchers due to the tradeoff between the probe dimensions and the strength of the EC generated on the surface of the test piece. Here, we use a copper core with a sophisticated design to converge the rotating EC at the tip of the copper core to detect small cracks in all directions in conductive materials.

The Improvement of Flaw Detection by the Configuration of Uniform Eddy Current Probes.

In this review, the principles to detect flaws with uniform eddy currents were presented based on the shape and orientation of the excitation coils and detection coils of the probe. Techniques are applied to detect flaws like cracks, especially on the weld zone surface, of test pieces of non-magnetic and ferromagnetic materials, and have unique features which are immune to the effects of lift-off. In the technique of interest, almost all the probe models developed are the type with tangential rectangular excitation coils.

Characterization of an exo-β-1,3-D: -galactanase from Sphingomonas sp. 24T and its application to structural analysis of larch wood arabinogalactan.

A type II arabinogalactan-degrading enzyme, termed Exo-1,3-Gal, was purified to homogeneity from the culture filtrate of Sphingomonas sp. 24T. It has an apparent molecular mass of 48 kDa by SDS-PAGE.

Identification of a GH62 α-L-arabinofuranosidase specific for arabinoxylan produced by Penicillium chrysogenum.

An arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase (AXS5) was purified from the culture filtrate of Penicillium chrysogenum 31B. A cDNA encoding AXS5 (axs5) was isolated by in vitro cloning using the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the native enzyme as a starting point. The deduced amino acid sequence of the axs5 gene has high similarities with those of arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolases of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tubingensis, and Aspergillus sojae.

Efficient digestion and structural characteristics of cell walls of coffee beans.

Screening of effective food-processing cellulase for digestion of cell walls of coffee beans was carried out, and the cellulase from Trichoderma sp. was selected. The digestion of the cell walls of green and roasted coffee beans was carried out by sequential procedures of alkali boiling (0.

Size-exclusion chromatography of tea tannins and intercepting potentials of peptides for the inhibition of trypsin-caseinolytic activity by tea tannins.

Molecular-weight distribution and characterization of tea tannin were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography and the equivalent preparative exclusion gel chromatography using Sephadex G-25. The characteristics of the fractions were studied regarding the amounts of terminal catechin, sugar, and gallic acid, the color reaction of the Folin-Chiocalteu reagent, the UV absorbance, and the inhibition activity for the trypsin-caseinolytic activity per weight. Furthermore, we investigated the intercepting activities of the inhibition by the amino acids, peptides, their analogues, poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs), and histatin 5 using the inhibition of trypsin-caseinolytic activity by tea.

Isolation and enzymatic digestion of body complex of soybean seed.

The body complex of the soybean seed (BCSS) was isolated from the single cells (27.2%) by a sequential procedure of autoclaving with water, cellulase digestion for the primary cell wall, pectinase digestion for the secondary cell wall, and defatting with hexane washing. Its characteristics were then investigated.

Stepwise extraction of proteins and carbohydrates from soybean seed.

The stepwise hot water extraction of soybeans, which were extractions in a series of procedures of whole soybean seeds, dehulled and sliced ones, and pressed ones carried out by autoclaving, was investigated to study the localization in the seed and their characteristics. The characteristics of each extraction were studied by HPLC, SDS-PAGE, components analysis, microscopic observation, and effect for some enzymes. Carbohydrates were easier to extract than protein.

Enzymatic high digestion of soybean milk residue (okara).

The objective of this study was to digest okara in high yield by food-processing enzymes. Autoclaving of okara was effective in increasing cellulase digestion for the primary cell wall, and the digestion was accelerated by the formation of single cells by stirring. Most of the residual okara after autoclaving and cellulase digestion was found to be the secondary cell walls compared with the cellulase-treated soybean single cells.

Molecular characterization of a Penicillium chrysogenum exo-1,5-alpha-L-arabinanase that is structurally distinct from other arabinan-degrading enzymes.

The nucleotide sequence of the abnx cDNA gene, which encodes an exo-arabinanase (Abnx) of Penicillium chrysogenum 31B, was determined. Abnx was found to be structurally distinct from known arabinan-degrading enzymes based on its amino acid sequence and a hydrophobic cluster analysis. The protein in the protein database with the highest similarity to Abnx was the Neurospora crassa conserved hypothetical protein.

Extraction of soybean oil from single cells.

Single cells prepared from autoclaved soybeans and cellulase treatment of the cells were effective in digesting the cell walls of and extracting the oil from soybeans. The first cell wall of the soybean single cell was completely removed using cellulases; the thin and transparent second cell wall of the cell was swollen. Oil in the cell formed spherical or hemispherical oil drops, and oil leaking from the oil bodies was observed.