Single-cell transcriptomics applied to emigrating cells from psoriasis elucidate pathogenic versus regulatory immune cell subsets.

Background: In previous human skin single-cell data, inflammatory cells constituted only a small fraction of the overall cell population, such that functional subsets were difficult to ascertain.

Objective: Our aims were to overcome the aforesaid limitation by applying single-cell transcriptomics to emigrating cells from skin and elucidate ex vivo gene expression profiles of pathogenic versus regulatory immune cell subsets in the skin of individuals with psoriasis.

Methods: We harvested emigrating cells from human psoriasis skin after incubation in culture medium without enzyme digestion or cell sorting and analyzed cells with single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry simultaneously.

Vascular inflammation in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis is associated with enhanced Th2 response.

Background: In atopic dermatitis (AD), some studies have shown an association with increased cardiovascular disease in certain populations. However, other investigations found modest or no association. Despite conflicting results, molecular profiling studies in both AD skin and blood have demonstrated upregulation of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk-related markers.

Single-cell transcriptome analysis of human skin identifies novel fibroblast subpopulation and enrichment of immune subsets in atopic dermatitis.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent inflammatory skin disease with a complex pathogenesis involving immune cell and epidermal abnormalities. Despite whole tissue biopsy studies that have advanced the mechanistic understanding of AD, single cell-based molecular alterations are largely unknown.

Objective: Our aims were to construct a detailed, high-resolution atlas of cell populations and assess variability in cell composition and cell-specific gene expression in the skin of patients with AD versus in controls.

Evolution of pathologic T-cell subsets in patients with atopic dermatitis from infancy to adulthood.

Background: The circulating immune phenotype was defined in adults and young children with early atopic dermatitis (AD), but chronologic changes in the blood of infants and children with AD through adolescence have not been explored.

Objective: We sought to compare immune activation and cytokine polarization in the blood of 0- to 5-year-old (n = 39), 6- to 11-year-old (n = 26), 12- to 17-year-old (n = 21) and 18-year-old or older (n = 43) patients with AD versus age-matched control subjects.

Methods: Flow cytometry was used to measure IFN-γ, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-22 cytokine levels in CD4/CD8 T cells, with inducible costimulator molecule and HLA-DR defining midterm and long-term T-cell activation, respectively, within skin-homing/cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) versus systemic/CLA T cells.

Blood endotyping distinguishes the profile of vitiligo from that of other inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases.

Background: Peripheral blood skin-homing/cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) T cells emerge as biomarkers of cutaneous immune activation in patients with inflammatory skin diseases (atopic dermatitis [AD] and alopecia areata [AA]). However, blood phenotyping across these subsets is not yet available in patients with vitiligo.

Objective: We sought to measure cytokine production by circulating skin-homing (CLA) versus systemic (CLA) "polar" CD4/CD8 ratio and activated T-cell subsets in patients with vitiligo compared with patients with AA, AD, or psoriasis and control subjects.

Potent Therapeutic Activity Against Peritoneal Dissemination and Malignant Ascites by the Novel Anti-Folate Receptor Alpha Antibody KHK2805.

Many ovarian cancer patients often show peritoneal metastasis with malignant ascites. However, unmet medical needs remain regarding controlling these symptoms after tumors become resistant to chemotherapies. We developed KHK2805, a novel anti-folate receptor α (FOLR1) humanized antibody with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).

Involvement of ESE-3, epithelial-specific ETS factor family member 3, in transactivation of the ABCB1 gene via pregnane X receptor in intestine-derived LS180 cells but not in liver-derived HepG2 cells.

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is involved in the transactivation of ABCB1 gene by rifampicin (RIF). However, we found that increase in ABCB1 mRNA by RIF was observed in LS180 cells but not in HepG2 cells. Since both cell lines expressed PXR equally, we hypothesized that a factor(s) other than PXR is responsible for PXR-mediated transactivation of the ABCB1 gene.

Vizantin inhibits endotoxin-mediated immune responses via the TLR 4/MD-2 complex.

Vizantin has immunostimulating properties and anticancer activity. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of immune activation by vizantin. THP-1 cells treated with small interfering RNA for TLR-4 abolished vizantin-induced macrophage activation processes such as chemokine release.