Utterances as Signals for Sharing Tacit Images in Collective Interaction.

In ball games, individuals collaborate to enhance their team's performance by sharing images and ideas that have not been verbalized. One of a coach's roles is to ascertain whether players share a common understanding of their team's images so as to devise tactics. Accordingly, this study aimed to verify the hypothesis that sharing images such as tacit knowledge that has not been verbalized occurs in collective interaction when utterances increase substantially during problem-solving.

Sexual difference in 2nd-to-4th digit ratio among 1.5-year-old Japanese children: A cross-sectional study of Aichi regional adjunct cohort of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS-A).

Background: A sex difference in the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D, males < females) has been described in Japanese fetuses and children, and its possible links to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been discussed. Accordingly, this sexual difference in representative neonates merits examination.

Aims: This study aimed to examine 2D:4D measurements and sexual differences in Japanese toddlers aged 1.

Exposure levels of organophosphate pesticides in Japanese diapered children: Contributions of exposure-related behaviors and mothers' considerations of food selection and preparation.

Organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure is a public health issue due to its potential link to neurodevelopmental problems in children. This study aimed to examine the exposure levels of OP pesticides in Japanese toddlers and explore the possible contributions of their exposure-related behaviors and their mothers' considerations of food selection and preparation to their exposure levels to OP pesticides. We recruited diapered children participating in the Japan Environment and Children's Study and collected used disposable diapers from 1037 children between June 2015 and August 2016.

Cohort profile: Aichi regional sub-cohort of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS-A).

Purpose: Effects of fetal, perinatal and childhood environment on the health of children at birth and during later life have become a topic of concern. The Aichi regional sub-cohort of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS-A) is an ongoing birth cohort of pregnant women and their children which has been used to provide unique data, as adjunct studies of JECS, on multifaceted potential factors affecting children's health.

Participants: The JECS-A is part of the JECS which follows a total of 100 000 pairs of children and their mothers (fathers' participation is optional) across 15 regions in Japan.

Adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcome in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss: Multiple imputation analyses with propensity score adjustment applied to a large-scale birth cohort of the Japan Environment and Children's Study.

Problem: Several studies have reported the increased risk of preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, and low birth weight in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). There have been a limited number of large population-based studies examining adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcome after RPL. Multiple-imputed analyses (MIA) adjusting for biases due to missing data is also lacking.

Reliability of smartphone-based gait measurements for quantification of physical activity/inactivity levels.

Objectives: Objective measurements using built-in smartphone sensors that can measure physical activity/inactivity in daily working life have the potential to provide a new approach to assessing workers' health effects. The aim of this study was to elucidate the characteristics and reliability of built-in step counting sensors on smartphones for development of an easy-to-use objective measurement tool that can be applied in ergonomics or epidemiological research.

Methods: To evaluate the reliability of step counting sensors embedded in seven major smartphone models, the 6-minute walk test was conducted and the following analyses of sensor precision and accuracy were performed: 1) relationship between actual step count and step count detected by sensors, 2) reliability between smartphones of the same model, and 3) false detection rates when sitting during office work, while riding the subway, and driving.