Lifetime stressor exposure is associated with greater rewarding effects of stress-related eating.

Acute stressors tend to shift preferences toward comfort foods, yet they do not ubiquitously increase the amount of food consumed. Moreover, although many individuals eat more under stress, others eat less or show no change. Although the precise mechanisms explaining this variability in stress-related eating are unknown, they may be driven by individual differences in the rewarding effects of comfort eating, which are enhanced by greater lifetime stressor exposure.

An acute social stressor decreases reinforcing value of both high and low energy-dense food in college students in a randomized controlled trial.

It is well known that a large portion of the population elevates their intake of high energy-dense foods during times of stress; however, it is understudied whether stress affects the reinforcing value of a food reward. Further knowledge of this relationship may help us better understand the positive correlation between reinforcing value of food and obesity. Therefore, it was tested if an acute stressor would increase the reinforcing value of low or high energy-dense food.

The effect of acute and chronic scarcity on acute stress: A dyadic developmental examination.

Background: Food insecurity, obesity, and psychological stress are interrelated constructs which are thought to be connected through increased energy intake, but the underlying mechanisms for these relationships remain unclear. The current study used experimental methods to investigate how financial losses may influence acute stress in the context of food insecurity for both parents and offspring. This study also sought to examine the effect of acute stress related to financial losses on the reinforcing value of food (RRV) and delay discounting (DD).

Plasma levels of ghrelin and GLP-1, but not leptin or amylin, respond to a psychosocial stressor in women and men.

It is well known that stress elevates intake of total calories and shifts food preference toward unhealthy food choices. There is, however, little known on the physiological mechanisms that drive stress-induced hyperphagia. In order to better understand how to reduce stress eating, it is critical to identify mechanisms in humans that are points of convergence between stress and eating.

The effect of unhealthy food and liking on stress reactivity.

In many individuals, stress appears to stimulate an increase in energy intake as well as a shift in food choice toward unhealthy food items or "comfort foods". Eating during stress is widely assumed to have anxiolytic properties, but there is little empirical support for this. The current two studies examined if either an unhealthy food item or a healthy food item could reduce stress reactivity and extended previous findings by examining whether participant liking contributes to any potential stress reduction.

Increasing water intake influences hunger and food preference, but does not reliably suppress energy intake in adults.

Increasing water intake is often purported to reduce energy intake, and is recommended as a weight loss strategy. The few experimental studies that have been conducted to verify these claims have examined the impact of a single pre-load of water before a meal. Although correlational data indicate a relationship between hydration, energy intake, and weight status, there is very little experimental research in this area.

Endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 reduces drinking behavior and is differentially engaged by water and food intakes in rats.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced in the ileum and the nucleus of the solitary tract. It is well known that GLP-1 controls food intake, but there is a growing literature indicating that GLP-1 also is involved in fluid intake. It is not known, however, if the observed effects are pharmacological or if endogenous GLP-1 and its receptor contribute to physiological fluid intake control.

Effects of prenatal exposure to sodium arsenite on motor and food-motivated behaviors from birth to adulthood in C57BL6/J mice.

Consumption of arsenic-contaminated drinking water is associated with numerous cancers and dermal and vascular diseases. Arsenic is also a potent nervous system toxicant and epidemiological studies indicate that intellectual functions in children are compromised following early developmental exposure. This study was designed to examine the effects of arsenic on a broad range of age-specific behaviors including basic sensory-motor responses in neonates, locomotor activity and grip strength in juveniles, and operant measures of learning and attention in adults.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists suppress water intake independent of effects on food intake.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced by and released from the small intestine following ingestion of nutrients. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists applied peripherally or centrally decrease food intake and increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These effects make the GLP-1 system an attractive target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity.

A survey of accessibility and utilisation of chiropractic services for wheelchair-users in the United Kingdom: What are the issues?

Background: People with physical disabilities experience barriers to healthcare across all services despite a legal and moral obligation to the contrary. Complementary medicine is considered as supplementary to conventional care and integration of these approaches is essential to achieve optimal care. This paper explores the utilisation of chiropractic services and practitioner experiences of treating wheelchair-users which appears under-reported.

A within-subjects trial to test the equivalence of online and paper outcome measures: the Roland Morris disability questionnaire.

Background: Augmenting validated paper versions of existing outcome measures with an equivalent online version may offer substantial research advantages (cost, rapidity and reliability). However, equivalence of online and paper questionnaires cannot be assumed, nor can acceptability to respondents. The aim was to test whether online and written versions of the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), a standard measure of functional disability in back pain, are equivalent at both group and individual levels to establish whether they can be used interchangeably.