A discussion of various aspects of panic disorder depending on presence or absence of agoraphobia.

Objective: The quality of life of individuals with panic disorder and agoraphobia can be improved by the alleviation of agoraphobia. In other words, examining panic disorder in terms of whether agoraphobia is present is crucial. The current study examined panic disorder from this perspective.

Brain injury following cardiac arrest: pathophysiology for neurocritical care.

Cardiac arrest induces the cessation of cerebral blood flow, which can result in brain damage. The primary intervention to salvage the brain under such a pathological condition is to restore the cerebral blood flow to the ischemic region. Ischemia is defined as a reduction in blood flow to a level that is sufficient to alter normal cellular function.

Generation of cortical neurons from human induced-pluripotent stem cells by biodegradable polymeric microspheres loaded with priming factors.

Ischemic stroke is often associated with loss of cortical neurons leading to various neurological deficits. A cell replacement based on stem cell transplantation to repair the damaged brain requires the generation of specific neuronal subtypes. Recently, induced pluripotent stem cells have been used to generate various subtypes of neurons in vitro for transplantation in stroke-damaged brains.

Functional expression of choline transporter like-protein 1 (CTL1) and CTL2 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells.

In this study, we examined the molecular and functional characterization of choline transporter in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs). Choline uptake into hBMECs was a saturable process that was mediated by a Na(+)-independent, membrane potential and pH-dependent transport system. The cells have two different [(3)H]choline transport systems with Km values of 35.

DIVERSE AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY RESPONSE IN A MOUSE MODEL OF SEPSIS-INDUCED MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.

Mitochondrial function is thought to play a role in sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. However, the temporal and organ-specific alterations in mitochondrial function have yet to be fully elucidated. Many studies show reduced phosphorylating capacity, while others have indicated that mitochondrial respiration is enhanced.

Metabolomic Analyses of Brain Tissue in Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation Reveal Specific Redox Alterations--Protective Effects of the Oxygen Radical Scavenger Edaravone.

The pathophysiology of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is complex and remains incompletely elucidated. Dysregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial-mediated necrotic-apoptotic pathway have been proposed as part of the pathogenesis. The present study aimed at analyzing the preventive effect of the free radical scavenger edaravone on sepsis-induced brain alterations.

Dysfunction of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex underlying social anxiety disorder: A multi-channel NIRS study.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by strong fear and anxiety during social interactions. Although ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) activity in response to emotional stimuli is related to pathological anxiety, little is known about the relationship between VLPFC activity and social anxiety. This study aimed to investigate whether VLPFC activity was involved in SAD and whether VLPFC activity was related to the level of social anxiety.

[Pathophysiology and mechanisms of postoperative cognitive dysfunction].

Postoperative cognitive impairment is a recognized clinical phenomenon. Previously, such clinical findings were called "adverse cerebral effects of anesthesia on old people". POCD is transient disturbance that can affect patients of any age but is more common in elderly people.

The E3 ligase synoviolin controls body weight and mitochondrial biogenesis through negative regulation of PGC-1β.

Obesity is a major global public health problem, and understanding its pathogenesis is critical for identifying a cure. In this study, a gene knockout strategy was used in post-neonatal mice to delete synoviolin (Syvn)1/Hrd1/Der3, an ER-resident E3 ubiquitin ligase with known roles in homeostasis maintenance. Syvn1 deficiency resulted in weight loss and lower accumulation of white adipose tissue in otherwise wild-type animals as well as in genetically obese (ob/ob and db/db) and adipose tissue-specific knockout mice as compared to control animals.

[Perioperative management of off-pump CABG for a 93-year-old man].

In recent years, the aging population has been growing, and the operative techniques and anesthetic methods have advanced. With these developments and medical support, the number of operations on very elderly patients has been increasing. We report the perioperative management of off-pump CABG for a 93-year-old man.

Functional analysis of [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake in glioblastoma cells: Influence of anti-cancer and central nervous system drugs.

Positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/computed tomography (PET-CT) studies with (11)C- or (18)F-labeled choline derivatives are used for PET imaging in glioblastoma patients. However, the nature of the choline transport system in glioblastoma is poorly understood. In this study, we performed a functional characterization of [methyl-(3)H]choline uptake and sought to identify the transporters that mediate choline uptake in the human glioblastoma cell lines A-172 and U-251MG.

The development of agoraphobia is associated with the symptoms and location of a patient's first panic attack.

Background: The place where a patient experiences his/her first panic attack (FPA) may be related to their agoraphobia later in life. However, no investigations have been done into the clinical features according to the place where the FPA was experienced. In particular, there is an absence of detailed research examining patients who experienced their FPA at home.

Intrasubject reproducibility of prefrontal cortex activities during a verbal fluency task over two repeated sessions using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy.

Aim: To determine whether intrasubject reproducibility could be observed in the frontal cortex and to assess the mental-health status of subjects in each session.

Methods: We measured changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([oxy-Hb]) during a letter version of the verbal fluency task using near-infrared spectroscopy imaging in twenty healthy adults over two sessions approximately two months apart. Additionally, the mental-health status of the subjects in each session was evaluated according to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, the Profile of Mood States, and the revised edition of the Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Personality Inventory.

Asymmetry of prefrontal cortex activities and catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype in patients with panic disorder during a verbal fluency task: near-infrared spectroscopy study.

We examined the relationship between the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met genotype and frontal lobe function by using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The present study investigated oxygenated ([oxy-Hb]) and deoxygenated ([deoxy-Hb]) hemoglobin concentration changes during the performance of a verbal fluency task in the frontal region of 71 patients with panic disorder (PD). The activation of [oxy-Hb] on the right lateral prefrontal cortex was observed in the Met/Met genotype of the COMT gene polymorphism of PD patient groups in the analysis of NIRS, which seems to be related to the autonomic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PD.

Relationship between the prefrontal function during a cognitive task and the severity of the symptoms in patients with panic disorder: a multi-channel NIRS study.

To investigate whether prefrontal function during a cognitive task reflects the severity of panic disorder, the prefrontal function during a word fluency task in 109 panic disorder patients with or without agoraphobia was measured by multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). [Oxy-Hb] changes in the left inferior prefrontal cortex were significantly associated with the frequency of panic attacks, and, in addition, [deoxy-Hb] changes in the anterior area of the right prefrontal cortex were significantly associated with the severity of agoraphobia. These results suggest that the prefrontal function in patients with panic disorder is associated with the disease state of disease in patients with panic disorder.