[Determination of Hesperidin and Monoglucosylhesperidin Contents in Processed Foods Using Relative Molar Sensitivity Based on H-Quantitative NMR].

We designed an off-line combination of HPLC/photodiode array detector (PDA) and H-quantitative NMR (H-qNMR) to estimate the relative molar sensitivity (RMS) of an analyte to a reference standard. The RMS is calculated as follows: a mixture of the analyte and the reference is analyzed using H-qNMR and HPLC/PDA. The response ratio of the analyte and the reference obtained by HPLC/PDA is then corrected using the molar ratio obtained by H-qNMR.

Preliminary Quality Evaluation and Characterization of Phenolic Constituents in Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix.

A new phenolic compound, 2--β-laminaribiosyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone (), was isolated from Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix (CWR, the root of Hemsley), along with 10 known aromatic compounds, including cynandione A (), bungeisides-C () and -D (), -hydroxyacetophenone (), 2',5'-dihydroxyacetophenone (), and 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone (). The structure of the new compound () was elucidated using spectroscopic methods and chemical methods. The structure of cynandione A (), including a linkage mode of the biphenyl parts that remained uncertain, was unambiguously confirmed using the 2D C-C incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment (INADEQUATE) spectrum.

HPLC/PDA determination of carminic acid and 4-aminocarminic acid using relative molar sensitivities with respect to caffeine.

To accurately determine carminic acid (CA) and its derivative 4-aminocarminic acid (4-ACA), a novel, high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC/PDA) method using relative molar sensitivity (RMS) was developed. The method requires no analytical standards of CA and 4-ACA; instead it uses the RMS values with respect to caffeine (CAF), which is used as an internal standard. An off-line combination of H-quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-qNMR) and HPLC/PDA was able to precisely determine the RMSs of CA/CAF and 4-ACA/CAF.

Survey on the Original Plant Species of Crude Drugs Distributed as Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix and Its Related Crude Drugs in the Korean and Chinese Markets.

Cynanchi Wilfordii Radix (CWR) is used in Korea as a substitute for Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR), which is a crude drug traditionally used in East Asian countries. Recently, the use of Cynanchi Auriculati Radix (CAR) in place of PMR and CWR has emerged a major concern in the Korean market. In Japan, PMR is permitted to be distributed as a pharmaceutical regulated by the Japanese Pharmacopoeia 17th edition (JP17).

Distinguishing Ophiopogon and Liriope tubers based on DNA sequences.

Ophiopogon japonicus is a herbaceous perennial plant in Liliaceae, and its tubers are used in traditional Japanese medicine as Bakumondo, prescribed for treating cough, sputum, and thirst. Liriope is a genus of ornamental plants related to Ophiopogon, and its tubers are used in folk medicine as well. Although tubers from both genera are traded in Korean and Chinese markets, only O.

Disintegration Test of Health Food Products Containing L. or L. in the Japanese Market.

For many years now, a number of Western herbs have been widely used in health food products in Japan and as pharmaceuticals in Europe. There are few or no mandated criteria concerning the quality of these herbal health food products, thus clarification is warranted. Here, we performed disintegration tests of 26 pharmaceutical and health food products containing the Western herbs ginkgo leaf and chaste tree fruit, in accord with the Japanese Pharmacopoeia.

Two types of alcohol dehydrogenase from Perilla can form citral and perillaldehyde.

Studies on the biosynthesis of oil compounds in Perilla will help in understanding regulatory systems of secondary metabolites and in elucidating reaction mechanisms for natural product synthesis. In this study, two types of alcohol dehydrogenases, an aldo-keto reductase (AKR) and a geraniol dehydrogenase (GeDH), which are thought to participate in the biosynthesis of perilla essential oil components, such as citral and perillaldehyde, were isolated from three pure lines of perilla. These enzymes shared high amino acid sequence identity within the genus Perilla, and were expressed regardless of oil type.

Isolation and characterization of isopiperitenol dehydrogenase from piperitenone-type Perilla.

Studying the biosynthesis of oil compounds in Perilla will help to elucidate regulatory systems for secondary metabolites and reaction mechanisms for natural product synthesis. In this study, two types of alcohol dehydrogenases, isopiperitenol dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (ISPD1 and ISPD2), which are thought to participate the oxidation of isopiperitenol in the biosynthesis of perilla, were isolated from three pure lines of perilla. Both ISPD1 and ISPD2 oxidized isopiperitenol into isopiperitenone with an oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) cofactor.

A domain swapping approach to elucidate differential regiospecific hydroxylation by geraniol and linalool synthases from perilla.

Geraniol and linalool are acyclic monoterpenes found in plant essential oils that have attracted much attention for their commercial use and in pharmaceutical studies. They are synthesized from geranyl diphosphate (GDP) by geraniol and linalool synthases, respectively. Both synthases are very similar at the amino acid level and share the same substrate; however, the position of the GDP to which they introduce hydroxyl groups is different.