Purkinje cell ablation and Purkinje cell-specific deletion of Tsc1 in the developing cerebellum strengthen cerebellothalamic synapses.

Cerebellar damage early in life often causes long-lasting motor, social and cognitive impairments, suggesting the roles of the cerebellum in developing a broad spectrum of behaviours. This recent finding has promoted research on how cerebellar damage affects the development of the cerebral cortex, the brain region responsible for higher-order control of all behaviours. However, the cerebral cortex is not directly connected to the cerebellum.

Loss of Purkinje cells in the developing cerebellum strengthens the cerebellothalamic synapses.

Cerebellar damage early in life often causes long-lasting motor, social, and cognitive impairments, suggesting the roles of the cerebellum in developing a broad spectrum of behaviors. This recent finding has promoted research on how cerebellar damage affects the development of the cerebral cortex, the brain region responsible for higher-order control of all behaviors. However, the cerebral cortex is not directly connected to the cerebellum.

Granule Cells Constitute One of the Major Neuronal Subtypes in the Molecular Layer of the Posterior Cerebellum.

The migration of neurons from their birthplace to their correct destination is one of the most crucial steps in brain development. Incomplete or incorrect migration yields ectopic neurons, which cause neurologic deficits or are negligible at best. However, the granule cells (GCs) in the cerebellar cortex may challenge this traditional view of ectopic neurons.

Morphometric and cytomorphologic characterization of EGFR-mutated cancer cells-comparison between cultured lung cancer cell lines and lung adenocarcinoma clinical samples.

Background: Recently molecular targeting therapies such as inhibition of enzyme activities associated with gene mutations responsible for lung carcinogenesis have been demonstrating promising outcomes, increasing the importance of gene analysis using clinical samples. Cytomorphologic findings with predictive value toward specific gene mutation such as EGFR mutation could be a useful tool to select appropriate gene analyses using limited clinical samples.

Methods: Morphometrical and cytomorphological evaluations were performed in 7 cultured lung cancer cell lines and 51 lung adenocarcinoma clinical samples to identify specific cytomorphologic characterization of EGFR-mutated cancer cells compared to the wild type.

Prediction of histological types of endometrial cancer by endometrial cytology.

Aim: Few studies have examined the accuracy of preoperative endometrial cytology in diagnosing low- and high-risk histology in women with endometrial cancer (EC). This single-institutional retrospective study compared the accuracy of endometrial cytology and biopsy in preoperatively predicting low-risk and high-risk histology of EC.

Methods: Between January 2006 and March 2013, 198 women with EC were examined by endometrial cytology, endometrial biopsy and hysterectomy specimen in National Kyushu Cancer Center.

Long-term in vivo time-lapse imaging of synapse development and plasticity in the cerebellum.

Synapses are continuously formed and eliminated throughout life in the mammalian brain, and emerging evidence suggests that this structural plasticity underlies experience-dependent changes of brain functions such as learning and long-term memory formation. However, it is generally difficult to understand how the rewiring of synaptic circuitry observed in vivo eventually relates to changes in animal's behavior. This is because afferent/efferent connections and local synaptic circuitries are very complicated in most brain regions, hence it is largely unclear how sensorimotor information is conveyed, integrated, and processed through a brain region that is imaged.

Dendritic translocation establishes the winner in cerebellar climbing fiber synapse elimination.

In many regions of the developing mammalian nervous system, functional synaptic circuitry is formed by competitive elimination of early formed redundant synapses. However, how winning synapses emerge through competition remains unclear in the brain largely because of the technical difficulty of directly observing this dynamic cellular process in vivo. Here, we developed a method of two-photon multicolor vital imaging to observe competitive elimination of supernumerary climbing fibers (CFs) in the cerebellum of live mouse pups.

Endometrial scraping cytology in women with extragenital malignancies.

Objective: To clarify the usefulness of endometrial scraping smears in women with extragenital malignancies.

Study Design: A total of 4,335 endometrial scraping smears were obtained during the 5-year period 1995-1999 at the National Kyushu Cancer Center and were retrospectively analyzed regarding extragenital malignancies.

Results: There were 88 cases of extragenital malignancies.

Occurrence of periodontal bacteria in healthy children: a 2-year longitudinal study.

Objectives: To examine the occurrence of specific periodontal bacteria in children and adolescents.

Methods: Ten putative periodontal bacteria were longitudinally examined in plaque and saliva samples from 119 periodontally healthy children (2-15 years old) using a polymerase chain reaction method.

Results: Capnocytophaga ochracea, C.

Clinical and microbiological changes in a child with rapid alveolar bone loss and refill.

A 10-year-old Japanese girl with severe tooth mobility in her lower permanent incisors was examined clinically, as well as radiographic and microbiological means. The incisors had severe alveolar bond loss and pocket depths exceeding 7 mm at the first visit, however, 10 periodontal bacteria were not detected in subgingival plaque samples taken from the lower central incisors using a 16S rRNA-based polymerase chain reaction method. Periodontal treatment consisting of mechanical debridement and antibiltic medication resulted in a significant improvement of the clinical parameters.