Inheritance of Primary Headache in Children and Adolescents - A Scoping Review.

Objective The objective is to give an update on the current state of research on the genetics of primary headache in children and adolescents. Background Investigations of the genetics of migraine in adults have changed our understanding of the pathophysiology of migraine, but knowledge from our adult patients cannot be directly applied to pediatric patients. Methods The study was conducted through searches of PubMed and Web of Science.

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Headache is one of the most common and disruptive pain manifestations in children and adolescents. This review examines the current evidence for the impact of primary headaches on well-being and quality of life in children with headaches. Several studies support that headaches cause a significant reduction in quality of life, which can be related to the headaches themselves and lead to limitations in family, social, and school activities.

Nonpharmacologic Treatment Options in Pediatric Tension-Type Headache Patients: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review aims to examine effects of nonpharmacologic treatment options for pediatric tension-type headache patients as well as evaluate current results from these treatment options. Headache is a worldwide problem among both adults and children, with tension-type headache among the most common. Eighteen relevant studies were found using PubMed and evaluated in this review.

Correlation of Comorbidities and Variability of Tics in Children with Chronic Tic Disorder.

Objective:  Chronic tic disorder (CTD) is characterized by the presence of motor and/or phonic tics, and is often accompanied by comorbidities, where obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are the most predominant. The aim of this study was to investigate a correlation between comorbidities and variability of tics in children with CTD.

Method:  A cross-sectional study was completed on a clinical cohort recruited from the Danish National Tourette Clinic at Herlev Hospital.

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Cognitive dysfunction is a well-known consequence of epilepsy in children. This review summarizes cognitive difficulties presenting in different types of childhood epilepsy. The possibility of screening and monitoring cognitive dysfunction is desirable to provide optimal support and treatment.

Impact of a National Follow-Up Program on the Age at Diagnosis for Cerebral Palsy.

Background: The Danish National Cerebral Palsy Follow-up Program (CPOP) is a nationwide program offering standardized treatment to all children with cerebral palsy (CP) since 2004. We aimed to establish if its implementation had a positive impact on the diagnostic age of CP.

Methods: Children with validated CP diagnoses were identified from the Danish Cerebral Palsy Registry and the CPOP.

Cerebral Palsy - Early Diagnosis and Intervention Trial: protocol for the prospective multicentre CP-EDIT study with focus on diagnosis, prognostic factors, and intervention.

Background: Early diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP) is important to enable intervention at a time when neuroplasticity is at its highest. Current mean age at diagnosis is 13 months in Denmark. Recent research has documented that an early-diagnosis set-up can lower diagnostic age in high-risk infants.

Decreased Cognitive Function in Danish Children with Epilepsy.

Objective: Children with epilepsy have a significantly increased risk of cognitive impairment. EpiTrack Junior is a screening tool developed for fast assessment of cognitive function in children with epilepsy. The tool is validated for German children.

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Self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (SeLECTS) is one of the most frequent epilepsies in childhood, characterised by typical clinical presentation with characteristic EEG findings. This review investigates the existing knowledge regarding cognitive function, the potential effect of anti-seizure medicines on cognitive development as well as prognosis of SeLECTS based on recent studies. There is evidence supporting that SeLECTS may not be as benign as previously assumed due to the possible neurocognitive comorbidities.

The short-term and long-term adverse effects of melatonin treatment in children and adolescents: a systematic review and GRADE assessment.

Background: Currently, melatonin is used to treat children and adolescents with insomnia without knowing the full extent of the short-term and long-term consequences. Our aim was to provide clinicians and guideline panels with a systematic assessment of serious-and non-serious adverse events seen in continuation of melatonin treatment and the impact on pubertal development and bone health following long-term administration in children and adolescents with chronic insomnia.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cinahl and PsycINFO via Ovid, up to March 17, 2023, for studies on melatonin treatment among children and adolescents (aged 5-20 years) with chronic insomnia.

Use of melatonin for children and adolescents with chronic insomnia attributable to disorders beyond indication: a systematic review, meta-analysis and clinical recommendation.

Background: Melatonin has become a widely used sleeping aid for young individuals currently not included in existing guidelines. The aim was to develop a recommendation on the use of melatonin in children and adolescents aged 2-20 years, with chronic insomnia due to disorders beyond indication.

Methods: We performed a systematic search for guidelines, systematic reviews, and randomised trials (RCTs) in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycInfo, Cinahl, Guidelines International Network, Trip Database, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, European Sleep Research Society and Scandinavian Health Authorities databases.

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Children and adolescents with psychiatric or neurologic disorders often suffer from sleep problems. Disrupted sleep might lead to different comorbidities in the child/adolescent. These symptoms often mimic other psychiatric symptoms, which makes the diagnostic process challenging.

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Sleep quality is an important indicator for subjective well-being, for sleep disorders and for a long range of mental disorders and somatic illnesses. This review introduces the concept of sleep quality and describes how to assess sleep quality by use of a sleep interview, a sleep diary as well as generic and specific sleep questionnaires in the daily clinic. Examples of valid questionnaires are presented.

Fine Motor Skills in Children with Tourette Syndrome and their Unaffected First-degree Siblings.

Background: The exact etiology of Tourette Syndrome (TS) remains unclear, making the search for impaired neuropsychological functions possibly connected to the underlying cause of TS as important as it is challenging. One neuropsychological domain of interest is fine motor skills.

Method: This study compared fine motor skill performance on the Purdue Pegboard Task (PPT) in 18 children with TS, 24 unaffected first-degree siblings and 20 controls.

Childhood Comorbidity Severity Impacts Adolescent Substance Consumption in Patients With Tourette Syndrome.

Background: This study explores the longitudinal impact of severity of Tourette Syndrome (TS), diagnosis and severity of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and guardian socioeconomic status on the level of substance use of pediatric patients with TS.

Methods: A total of 314 pediatric patients with TS participated at time 1 (T1). During these visits, the severity of the patients' TS, ADHD, and OCD symptoms were assessed, along with their guardians' socioeconomic status.

Clarifying the Differences between Patients with Organic Tics and Functional Tic-Like Behaviors.

Due to the global increase in the number of patients with Functional Tic-Like Behaviors (FTLB), it has become increasingly important to find reliable differences between this patient group and patients with organic tics (OTs), which can be used in differential diagnosis. The purpose of this retrospective study was to critically examine both established and suggested differences between the patient groups. A total of 53 FTLB patients and 200 OT patients were included.

Impact of Tourette Syndrome on Education.

Background: Previous studies have shown that Tourette syndrome (TS) has an impact on academic achievements. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the severity of tics and comorbidities and educational outcomes.

Methods: From 2005 to 2007, 395 participants were included in a large cohort (314 with TS and 81 controls) and the mean age was 12.

Exposure and Response Prevention: Evaluation of Tic Severity Over Time for Children and Adolescents with Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorders.

Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders are characterized by the presence of tics. Different behavioral therapies have shown to be efficacious for treating tics in children and adolescents, but Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is a less researched method. However, ERP is a method often used in the clinical setting.

Exposure and Response Prevention for Children and Adolescents with Tourette Syndrome Delivered via Web-Based Videoconference versus Face-to-Face Method.

Chronic tic disorders, such as Tourette syndrome, are characterized by motor and vocal tics. Tics present a considerable burden for some patients, and therefore, effective treatment is important. One evidence-based treatment option is a behavioral therapy called exposure and response prevention (ERP).

Increased Number of Functional Tics Seen in Danish Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: Global increase in functional tics in adolescents has been observed. Differentiating functional from classic tics is important since pathophysiology and treatment differ. We investigated possible triggers for development of functional tics and discuss the possible role of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and social media exposure in cases of functional tics seen during this period.

Addressing co-occurring conditions in behavioural therapy for tic disorders: a review and guideline.

Co-occurring psychiatric conditions are very common in tic disorders and Tourette syndrome. These additional symptoms are often detrimental to quality of life and may impact upon the implementation and efficacy of evidence-based behavioural therapies (BT) for tics. Combining a review of the available literature, relevant theory, and expert clinical practice, we present a guideline for implementing behavioural and psychosocial interventions when common comorbidities are present.