Modulation of 3D Printed Calcium-Deficient Apatite Constructs with Varying Mn Concentrations for Osteochondral Regeneration via Endochondral Differentiation.

Osteochondral regeneration remains a vital problem in clinical situations affecting both bone and cartilage tissues due to the low regeneration ability of cartilage tissue. Additionally, the simultaneous regeneration of bone and cartilage is difficult to attain due to their dissimilar nature. Thus, fabricating a single scaffold for both bone and cartilage regeneration remains challenging.

Synthesis, Structural, and Mechanical Behavior of -Ca(PO)-ZrO Composites Induced by Elevated Thermal Treatments.

Biocompatible -Ca(PO) and mechanically stable ZrO composites are currently being combined to overcome the demerits of the individual components. A series of five composites were synthesized using an aqueous precipitation technique. Their structural and mechanical stability was examined through X-ray diffraction, Rietveld refinement, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, and nanoindentation.

Structural Perceptions and Mechanical Evaluation of β-Ca(PO)/c-CeO Composites with Preferential Occupancy of Ce and Ce.

The role of cerium in the formation of stable β-Ca(PO)/c-CeO composites and their structural analysis with varied compositional ratios were investigated. The composite formation was attempted through an in situ precipitation technique, and the gradual structural changes during heat treatments to yield the pure form of β-Ca(PO)/c-CeO composites was presented. The cerium was found in Ce and Ce oxidation states in composites.

Formation Mechanisms in β-Ca(PO)-ZnO Composites: Structural Repercussions of Composition and Heat Treatments.

Composites with varied proportions of β-Ca(PO) and ZnO were obtained through an in situ aqueous precipitation method under slightly basic (pH ≈ 8) conditions. The formation of β-Ca(PO) phase starts at an early heat-treatment stage (∼800 °C) and incorporates Zn ions at both Ca(4) and Ca(5) sites of the lattice up to its occupancy saturation limit. The incorporation of Zn in the β-Ca(PO) lattice enhances its thermal stability delaying the allotropic β-Ca(PO)→α-Ca(PO) phase transformation.