Factors influencing the development of infantile traumatic brain injury with a biphasic clinical course and late reduced diffusion.

Background: Infantile traumatic brain injury (TBI) with a biphasic clinical course and late reduced diffusion (TBIRD) has been reported as a type of TBI. However, it remains uncertain which pediatric patients with TBI develop TBIRD.

Methods: Patients with TBI who were admitted to our hospital and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between December 2006 and October 2022 were included in this study.

Unilateral internal carotid artery absence in trisomy 18.

Background: Internal carotid artery (ICA) absence (agenesis or aplasia) is a rare congenital anomaly that is usually asymptomatic and found coincidentally. There has been no report showing a specific chromosomal abnormality causes ICA absence.

Case Reports: MR angiography in a Japanese male infant with trisomy 18 revealed left ICA absence with the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA) supplied from the ipsilateral posterior communicating artery and anterior communicating artery (ACoA), respectively, type A in Lie's classification.

Increased cytokines/chemokines and hyponatremia as a possible cause of clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion associated with acute focal bacterial nephritis.

Objective: Clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS), the second most common encephalopathy syndrome in Japan, is most often associated with viral infection. Bacterial MERS has been rarely reported but is mostly associated with acute focal bacterial nephritis (AFBN) for an unknown reason. We examined cytokines and chemokines in four MERS patients with AFBN to determine if they play an important role in the pathogenesis.

Infantile traumatic brain injury with a biphasic clinical course and late reduced diffusion.

Reduced diffusion in the subcortical white matter has been reported in some infants with traumatic brain injury (TBI), including abusive head trauma. However, the pathomechanisms of the lesions and clinical features are uncertain. We herein report two infants with TBI who presented with biphasic clinical courses and late reduced diffusion in the subcortical white matter, and reviewed seven clinically and radiologically similar patients with TBI.