Hyperinsulinemia impairs decidualization via AKT-NR4A1 signaling: new insight into polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-related infertility.

Background: Investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for endometrial dysfunction in women with PCOS is essential, particularly focusing on the role of hyperinsulinemia.

Methods: We explored the role of insulin in the decidualization process using a synthetic decidualization assay. To dissect the effects of PI3K/AKT-NR4A signaling, we employed small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the NR4A genes and inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT pathway.

The Complicated Effects of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Cargos on Embryo Implantation.

As a rate-limiting step in pregnancy, embryo implantation is highly dependent on intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly identified to be important in the course of intercellular communication. EVs have been isolated from a wide variety of biofluids and tissues, including plasma, liver, uterine, semen, embryo, etc.

The Disorders of Endometrial Receptivity in PCOS and Its Mechanisms.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a mysterious and complicated endocrine disease with the combination of metabolic, reproductive, psychological dysfunctions. Impaired endometrial receptivity and ovulation disorders/anovulation are both important causes of PCOS-related infertility. However, change in endometrium has never received the same attention as ovulatory dysfunction.