BAD regulates mammary gland morphogenesis by 4E-BP1-mediated control of localized translation in mouse and human models.

Elucidation of non-canonical protein functions can identify novel tissue homeostasis pathways. Herein, we describe a role for the Bcl-2 family member BAD in postnatal mammary gland morphogenesis. In Bad knock-in mice, where BAD cannot undergo phosphorylation at 3 key serine residues, pubertal gland development is delayed due to aberrant tubulogenesis of the ductal epithelium.

Sex chromosome polymorphism in guppies.

Sex chromosomes differ from autosomes by dissimilar gene content and, at a more advanced stage of their evolution, also in structure and size. This is driven by the divergence of the Y or W from their counterparts, X and Z, due to reduced recombination and the resulting degeneration as well as the accumulation of sex-specific and sexually antagonistic genes. A paradigmatic example for Y-chromosome evolution is found in guppies.

Genetic linkage map of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, and quantitative trait loci analysis of male size and colour variation.

We report construction of a genetic linkage map of the guppy genome using 790 single nucleotide polymorphism markers, integrated from six mapping crosses. The markers define 23 linkage groups (LGs), corresponding to the known haploid number of guppy chromosomes. The map, which spans a genetic length of 899 cM, includes 276 markers linked to expressed genes (expressed sequence tag), which have been used to derive broad syntenic relationships of guppy LGs with medaka chromosomes.

Linkage analysis reveals the independent origin of Poeciliid sex chromosomes and a case of atypical sex inheritance in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata).

Among different teleost fish species, diverse sex-determining mechanisms exist, including environmental and genetic sex determination, yet chromosomal sex determination with male heterogamety (XY) prevails. Different pairs of autosomes have evolved as sex chromosomes among species in the same genus without evidence for a master sex-determining locus being identical. Models for evolution of Y chromosomes predict that male-advantageous genes become linked to a sex-determining locus and suppressed recombination ensures their co-inheritance.

Natural variation of male ornamental traits of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata.

Male ornamental traits of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, provide an outstanding example of natural variation in sex-linked male-advantageous traits that are shaped by both sexual and environmental selection. A substantial fraction of the underlying genes is known to be genetically linked to the sex-determining region on the differentiating Y-chromosome. Intercrosses between parental populations originating from geographically distant locations in East Trinidad and Cumaná (Venezuela) were used to study segregation of ornamental traits in male progeny.

ESTs and EST-linked polymorphisms for genetic mapping and phylogenetic reconstruction in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata.

Background: The guppy, Poecilia reticulata, is a well-known model organism for studying inheritance and variation of male ornamental traits as well as adaptation to different river habitats. However, genomic resources for studying this important model were not previously widely available.

Results: With the aim of generating molecular markers for genetic mapping of the guppy, cDNA libraries were constructed from embryos and different adult organs to generate expressed sequence tags (ESTs).

Opsin gene duplication and diversification in the guppy, a model for sexual selection.

Identification of genes that control variation in adaptive characters is a prerequisite for understanding the processes that drive sexual and natural selection. Male coloration and female colour perception play important roles in mate choice in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), a model organism for studies of natural and sexual selection. We examined a potential source for the known variation in colour perception, by analysing genomic and complementary DNA sequences of genes that code for visual pigment proteins.