Reasonability of Frequent Laboratory Analyses during Therapy with Nivolumab and Nivolumab+Ipilimumab in Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma during the Phase 2 Clinical Trial TITAN-RCC.

In clinical trials, laboratory values are assessed with high frequency. This can be stressful for patients, resource intensive, and difficult to implement, for example in office-based settings. In the prospective, multicentre phase 2 TITAN-RCC trial (NCT02917772), we investigated how many relevant changes in laboratory values would have been missed if laboratory values had been assessed less frequently.

Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events from Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are now, among other cancers, routinely used for the treatment of advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). In mRCC various combinations of ICIs and inhibitors of the vascular epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (VEGFR-TKIs) as well as dual checkpoint inhibition (nivolumab + ipilimumab), the latter for patients with intermediate and poor risk according to IMDC only (international metastatic renal cell carcinoma database consortium), are now standard of care in the first line setting. Therefore, a profound understanding of immune-related adverse events (irAE) and the differential diagnosis of adverse reactions caused by other therapeutic agents in combination therapies is of paramount importance.

[Side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment of urological tumors].

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are currently routinely used for the treatment of advanced or metastatic urothelial and renal cell carcinomas. Furthermore, several clinical trials are currently investigating their role in adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings as well as in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. As a result, urologists are increasingly confronted with patients who are currently receiving, have recently received or will receive ICI treatment.